NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: VI. QUANTITATIVE REQUIREMENT FOR HALIDES, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, AND IRON

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacLeod ◽  
E. Onofrey
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Presence And Absence

A study has been made of the specificity of the requirement of some marine bacteria for halides, magnesium, calcium, and iron and of their quantitative requirements for these ions in the presence and absence of related ions.All of the organisms investigated either required or responded to the addition of Cl− to the medium. Br− could replace Cl− but somewhat less readily, while I− was toxic. For organism B-16, which required the addition of Mg++ but not Ca++ to the medium, the amount of Mg++ required for maximum growth varied with the level of Ca++ present. At low levels, a marked sparing action of Ca++ was evident, while at higher concentrations of Ca++ some antagonism between the ions was detected. Sr++ also spared the Mg++ requirement of this organism. For B-9, which required both Mg++ and Ca++, Mg++ could be shown to spare the need for Ca++.An absolute requirement of one organism for Fe++ was demonstrated. Ni++ and Co++ showed no sparing action and proved to be toxic at a level at which Fe++ produced an optimum growth response.

Copper requirements of container-grown conifer seedlings

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Lambert ◽  
T. C. Weidensaul
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Noble Fir ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Blue spruce (Piceapungens Engelm.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Noble fir (Abiesprocera Rehd.), and eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) seedlings grown in the greenhouse in peat–vermiculite medium were fertilized with nutrient solutions containing 0.00–0.64 ppm Cu. Maximum growth generally occurred at levels higher than the conventional fertilizer rates of 0.02–0.06 ppm, particularly for Douglas-fir, with subsequent shoot or needle concentrations of 3 or more ppm. Optimum growth of Douglas-fir in a peat–vermiculite medium treated with a single initial drench of 0–100 ppm Cu/L mix occurred over a broad range of foliar Cu concentrations greater than 4 ppm. Supplemental Cu for container-grown conifers thus appears necessary in some cases, but not harmful in others.

scholarly journals Effects of Bicarbonate on the Respiration and Glycolytic Activity of Boar Spermatozoa

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Murdoch ◽  
WD Davis
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

The metabolism of washed boar spermatozoa was studied in the presence and absence of low levels of bicarbonate (6 mM) and carbon dioxide (2 %). Bicarbonate stimulated the oxygen consumption of the spermatozoa but had no apparent effect on glycolysis. The stimulatory effect of bicarbonate on respiration depended on the presence of a utilizable exogenous energy source such as glucose, fructose, lactate, or pyruvate and no stimulation occurred when no substrate was added or when acetate was used as substrate. The response of the spermatozoa to bicarbonate also depended on the presence of adequate concentrations of potassium (5 mM) and to a lesser extent magnesium (1 mM).

scholarly journals Effect of Efflux on Telithromycin and Macrolide Susceptibility in Haemophilus influenzae

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Bogdanovich ◽  
Bülent Bozdogan ◽  
Peter C. Appelbaum
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Presence And Absence

ABSTRACT This study investigated the presence of telithromycin and azithromycin efflux in 58 clinical strains of Haemophilus influenzae with various susceptibilities to macrolides, azalides, and ketolides. Efflux pumps were studied by measuring accumulation of radioactive [3H]telithromycin and [N-methyl-3H]azithromycin in the presence and absence of carbonyl m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a protonophore. In 17 strains for which the telithromycin MICs were 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml (azithromycin MICs, ≤0.06 to 0.125 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, ≤0.06 to 2 μg/ml), telithromycin and azithromycin accumulations were high without CCCP and not affected by its addition, which indicates absence of efflux. In 22 strains for which the telithromycin MICs were 0.25 to 4 μg/ml (azithromycin MICs, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, 1 to 8 μg/ml), initially low levels of telithromycin accumulation became higher after addition of CCCP, indicating a functioning efflux pump. Nineteen strains for which the telithromycin MICs were ≥2 μg/ml had efflux as well as various mutations in ribosomal proteins L4, L22, and/or 23S rRNA (domains II and V). Of these 19 strains, the telithromycin MICs (≥8 μg/ml) for 17 of them were significantly raised (azithromycin, MICs 4 to >32 μg/ml; clarithromycin MICs, 8 to >32 μg/ml). From these results we conclude that telithromycin efflux with or without additional ribosomal alterations is present in all H. influenzae strains, except for those for which the telithromycin MICs were very low.

Ultrastructure of two species of oil-degrading marine bacteria

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Atlas ◽  
C. E. Heintz
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Marine Agar ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Presence And Absence

Two species of marine bacteria with the ability to degrade crude oil were compared ultrastructurally after growing in the presence and absence of oil. Large electron-dense inclusions, which were located predominantly at the cell terminus, characterized species of Flavobacterium and Brevibacterium when growing on oil. Cells of Flavobacterium sp. had smaller inclusions when grown on marine agar, while inclusion bodies were not found in Brevibacterium sp. grown on marine agar. Sudan black B staining indicated the inclusions are stored lipids.

scholarly journals Effect of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase production by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilesanmi Festus Fadahunsi ◽  
Nafisat Kemi Busari ◽  
Olumide Samuel Fadahunsi
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Cyanide Degradation

Abstract Background This study was designed to investigate the effect of cultural conditions on growth and production of linamarase by a local species of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from cassava effluent. Isolation and identification of bacteria from cassava effluent were carried out using the culture-dependent method and polyphasic taxonomy, respectively, while screening for cyanide degradation, and the effects of cultural conditions on the growth and linamarase activity of L. fermentum were investigated based on standard procedures. Results A total of twenty-one bacterial isolates were obtained from cassava effluent, and isolate MA 9 had the highest growth of 2.8 × 1010 cfu/ml in minimum medium, confirmed as safe, identified as Lactobacillus fermentum and selected for further study. The highest growth of 2.498 OD and linamarase activity of 2.49 U/ml were observed at inoculums volume of 0.10 ml at 48-h incubation period, while optimum growth of 1.926 OD and linamarase activity of 1.66 U/ml occurred at pH 5.5. At 37 °C, the optimum growth of 0.34 OD was recorded with the highest linamarase activity of 0.81 U/ml at 30 °C. However, the incubation period of 48 h stimulated an optimum growth of 3.091 OD with corresponding linamarase activity of 1.81 U/ml, while the substrate concentration of 400 ppm favours a maximum growth of 2.783 OD with linamarase activity of 1.86 U/ml at 48 h of incubation. The supplemented of 10 mM calcium ions stimulated optimum linamarase activity of 2.65 U/ml. Conclusion Lactobacillus fermentum could be used as starter culture in cassava fermentation for the production cassava-based product with reduced cyanide content.

An appropriate physiological control for environmental temperature studies: comparative growth kinetics of winter rye

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krol ◽  
M. Griffith ◽  
N. P. A. Huner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The accurate interpretation of physiological and biochemical alterations observed in plants grown under contrasting environmental conditions requires knowledge of their relative physiological ages. For this purpose, we compared the growth kinetics of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) at nonhardening and cold-hardening temperatures. Growth at nonhardening temperatures was characterized by a 10-day lag phase with the attainment of maximum growth after about 28 days. Growth at cold-hardening temperatures resulted in an extension of the lag phase to about 21 days with maximum growth being attained after 56 days. The calculated growth coefficient at cold-hardening temperatures was 35–40% of that at nonhardening temperatures. This relationship was consistent with growth parameters such as leaf dry weight, fresh weight, and area, but not with plant height. Although total leaf dry weight and total number of leaves per plant did not differ between nonhardened and cold-hardened plants at maximum growth, total leaf area per plant and stretched plant height was 3- to 4-times greater in nonhardened than in cold-hardened plants. This resulted in a fourfold increase in leaf dry weight per leaf area during growth at low temperature in contrast to the maintenance of a constant ratio during growth at nonhardening conditions. The increase in this ratio during low temperature growth was, in part, accounted for by a decrease in water content and an increase in cytoplasmic content. These results were confirmed by the investigation of growth on an individual leaf basis. However, the growth response of leaves 1 and 2 differed from that of leaves 3 and 4 when the leaf dry weight: leaf area ratio was measured as a function of time at cold-hardening temperatures. This indicates that the stage of leaf development influences its growth response to an altered environment. The results of the development of leaf freezing tolerance indicated that maximum vegetative growth appeared to coincide with maximum freezing tolerance of leaves from cold-hardened plants (−22 °C) but not of leaves from unhardened plants (−11 °C).

Mineral nutrition of Pythium marinum, a marine facultative parasite

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Y. Kazama ◽  
Melvin S. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Facultative Parasite ◽  
Nutritional Data

Pythium marinum Sparrow, isolated from lesions on Porphyra miniata, required Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in quantities far exceeding those reported to be required by terrestrial species of Pythium. Unlike most of its terrestrial counterparts, P. marinum required alkaline pH values for good growth, with a pH of 7.8 providing maximum growth under the conditions examined. The requirement for large amounts of Na+ ions appeared to have a specific nutritional basis rather than a purely osmotic function. Growth at various temperatures indicated that the fungus is a facultative psychrophile with the optimum growth temperature between 15 and 20 °C. The nutritional data show that P. marinum is able to grow in a wide range of salt concentrations and is well adapted to the marine environment.

EFFECTS OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON THE SALT TOLERANCE OF SALMONELLA

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Matches ◽  
J. Liston
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Nutrient Broth ◽  
Maximum Growth Temperature ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Salmonella Heidelberg

Salt has been shown effective in preventing growth of salmonellae in foods. Many of the studies reported in the literature have been on the lethal action of high levels of salt as used in curing brines. Little information is available on the interaction of incubation temperature and low levels of salt on the growth of salmonellae. The growth of Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella derby in nutrient broth containing 0 to 8% added NaCl (in 0.5 or 1% increments) has been tested by shake cultures at 8, 12, 22, and 37 C. In addition, S. heidelberg has also been tested in 0 to 9% added NaCl at 39, 41, 43, and 45 C. At 8 C, growth of S. heidelberg took place in 1 and 2% added NaCl; S. typhimurium increased in numbers in 1% added NaCl; and S. derby failed to increase. When incubated at 12 C, the three serotypes were all able to increase in numbers in the range of 0 to 4% NaCl. At 22 C, this range increased from 0 to a maximum of 5 to 8%. When incubated at 37 C, the organisms were able to increase in numbers in up to 7 to 8% NaCl. The salinity of the medium was not found to increase the maximum growth temperature of S. heidelberg as has been reported in the literature for other organisms. Low levels of salt were found to stimulate growth of salmonellae. This stimulation was more pronounced at low temperatures than near the optimum for the organisms. Since salt is used to preserve foods, these data are important in the preservation of perishable foods. Salt concentrations preventing growth of salmonellae at low temperatures may not be sufficient to prevent growth of these pathogens at higher temperatures.

EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE GROWTH OF MARINE BACTERIA

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 489-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNEST HESS
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium deciduosum, and B. vulgatus (all of marine origin) in buffered nutrient broth at 37°, 20°, 5°, 0° and −3 °C. has been followed quantitatively by means of plate counts. Maximum crops were obtained at 5 °C. in all cases, and higher total crops at 0° and −3° than at 37° and 20°. Maximum crop yield is considered a better criterion for optimum growth temperature than the growth rate during logarithmic growth. These marine bacteria are therefore considered to be truly psychrophilic.

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