Practical design of holes in steel webs

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-469
Author(s):  
Peter G. Buckland ◽  
F. Michael Bartlett ◽  
Ralph D. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plastic Analysis ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Multiple Holes ◽  
Steel Design ◽  
Small Holes

Solutions are presented for the design of reinforcement for a wide range of holes in steel webs. Methods are derived for situations not covered in available published literature. Both elastic and plastic solutions are given for round holes, either unreinforced or reinforced with doubler or tripler plates. Welds and web stability are considered. A solution is given for small holes and a comparison is made with the recent research. For noncircular holes Vierendeel and finite element analyses are discussed, as well as a plastic analysis of rectangular doubler plates. Five methods of dealing with multiple holes in a web panel are presented, each appropriate for different circumstances: elastic analysis, Vierendeel action, plastic summation, the use of stiffeners for “trussing”, and the powerful “checkerboard” technique. It is found that reliance on the ductility of steel has considerable advantages. Fatigue is considered.The methods are appropriate for square or rectangular web panels with central or noncentral holes subjected to any applied in-plane stresses. Key words: webs, holes, girders, steel, design.

ASME Section III Design-By-Analysis Criteria Concepts and Stress Limits

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry C. Slagis
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Penalty Factor ◽  
Plastic Analysis ◽  
Material Ductility ◽  
Stress Criteria

The ASME Section III design-by-analysis approach provides stress criteria for the design of nuclear components. Stresses are calculated elastically for the most part, although plastic analysis is recognized. Limits are specified for primary, secondary, and peak stresses. Inherent in these limits are factors of safety against several modes of failure. The purpose of this paper is to explain the design-by-analysis criteria and fundamental concepts behind the approach. Topics covered include the bases for the primary stress limits, shakedown to elastic action, fatigue, simplified elastic-plastic analysis, and thermal stress ratchet. Issues that are explored are separating primary and secondary stresses in finite element analyses, material ductility requirements, and the meaning of the fatigue penalty factor.

Tank Car Puncture Analyses for Various Impactors and Impact Conditions

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Francisco Gonzalez ◽  
Karl Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
The Impact

There has been significant research in recent years to analyze and improve the impact behavior and puncture resistance of railroad tank cars. Much of this research has been performed using detailed nonlinear finite element analyses supported by full scale impact testing. This use of detailed simulation methodologies has significantly improved our understanding of the tank impact behaviors and puncture prediction. However, the evaluations in these past studies were primarily performed for a few idealized impact scenarios. This paper describes a research program to evaluate railroad tank car puncture behaviors under more general impact conditions. The approach used in this research program was to apply a tank impact and puncture prediction capability using detailed finite element analyses (FEA). The analysis methodologies apply advanced damage and failure models that were validated by series of material tests under various loading conditions. In this study, the analyses were applied to investigate the tank puncture behaviors for a wide range of impact conditions.

scholarly journals Stability Numbers for Unsupported Conical Excavations in Multi-Layered Cohesive Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8839
Author(s):  
Kwangwoo Lee ◽  
Junyoung Ko ◽  
Hyunsung Lim ◽  
Joon Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Rigid Base ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Layered Clays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Displacement Pattern ◽  
Strength Difference ◽  
Familiar Form

This paper presents the results of a numerical analysis into undrained stability of conical excavation in multi-layered clays. Stability predictions for a wide range of geometric and material combinations are calculated by finite element analyses. The results from the present analysis are expressed in the familiar form of stability numbers reflecting the effect of (1) angle of inclination, (2) depth ratio, which is relative top layer thickness to excavation depth, (3) strength difference between two layers on the rigid base, (4) width ratio, which is excavation height to radius at the bottom of excavation, and (5) thickness ratio, which is the ratio of the excavation height to thickness of soil 1 layers. The obtained stability numbers are compared with existing solutions published in the literature. The failure mechanism in multi-layered clays are also discussed in terms of the displacement pattern.

Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Hydride Blisters in Zircaloy-2 Pressure Tubes

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Kim ◽  
M. L. Vanderglas
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Zirconium Hydride ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Pressure Tubes ◽  
Plastic Analysis

The possibility that stresses might be produced as a consequence of expansion resulting from the transformation of zirconium to zirconium hydride in the form of blisters was investigated. Parametric elastic-plastic finite element analyses were performed because the physical properties near the blister were not clearly defined. Results show that significant stresses can arise from the volume expansion of hydride blisters, being largely compressive within the blister, tensile outside.

A Simplified Technique for Shakedown Load Determination of a 90 Degree Pipe Bend Subjected to Constant Internal Pressure and Cyclic In-Plane Bending

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany F. Abdalla ◽  
Maher Y. A. Younan ◽  
Mohammed M. Megahed
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
Pipe Bend ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Plastic Analysis ◽  
Plane Bending

In this paper a simple technique is presented to determine the shakedown load of a 90 degree pipe bend subjected to constant internal pressure and cyclic in-plane bending using the finite element method. Through the proposed technique, the shakedown load is determined without performing time consuming cyclic loading simulations or conventional iterative elastic techniques. Instead, the shakedown load is determined through performing only two analyses namely; an elastic analysis and an elastic-plastic analysis. By extracting the results of the two analyses, the shakedown load is determined through the calculation of the residual stresses developed in the pipe bend. In the elastic analysis, performed only once and stored, an in-plane closing moment is applied preserving structure stresses within the material elastic range. In the elastic-plastic analysis, a constant internal pressure, below the pressure to cause yielding, is applied in addition to an increasing moment magnitude that causes the material yield strength to be exceeded. For verification purposes, the results of the simplified technique are compared to the results of full cyclic loading finite element simulations where the pipe bend is subjected to constant internal pressure and cyclic in-plane closing moment loading. In order to have confidence in the proposed technique, it is applied beforehand on the Bree cylinder [1] subjected to constant internal pressure and cyclic high heat fluxes across its wall. The results of the proposed technique showed very good correlation with the, analytically determined, Bree diagram of the cylinder.

Asymmetric Shielding in Interfacial Fracture Under In-Plane Shear

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Liechti ◽  
Y. S. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Plastic Dissipation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interference Measurements

The toughness of a glass/epoxy interface was measured over a wide range of mode mixes. A toughening effect was associated with increasing positive and negative inplane shear components. Optical interference measurements of normal crack opening displacements near the crack front and complementary finite element analyses were used to examine near-front behavior during crack initiation. Estimates of the toughening based on plastic dissipation, bulk viscoelastic dissipation, and interface asperity shielding did not fully account for the measured values. The results suggest that the inelastic behavior of the epoxy, frictional, and, perhaps, three-dimensional effects should be considered.

Design of Blind End Closures for High Pressure Vessels

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chaaban ◽  
K. Leung ◽  
R. J. Pick ◽  
D. J. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Central Hole ◽  
Stress Fields ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Design Curve ◽  
Plastic Analysis

ABSTRACTThe finite element method has been used to investigate the stress fields in blind end closures of thick-walled pressure vessels. A design curve for choosing end thickness has been developed by elastic analysis of a range of geometries and by elastic-plastic analysis of several geometries. The effects of inner corner radius of the blind end and a small central hole in the end are discussed.

Stress Concentration Factors for Crossbores in Thick Walled Cylinders and Square Blocks

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Watanabe ◽  
Susumu Terada
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Concentration Factors ◽  
Stress Concentration Factors

In this study, finite element analyses were performed to investigate the stress concentration factors around cross-bores in thick walled cylinders and square blocks. As for the results, the stress concentration factors are presented relating the wide range of ratios of the diameters of main and sub bores (DH/DI) to some specific values of the wall ratios (Y). The effects of boundary conditions were also investigated. As these obtained stress concentration factors seems to show some differences from these in Appendix J of ASME Section VIII Div.3 [1], the revisions of these stress concentration factors in Div.3 are proposed.

Stress Categorization Using the Reference Two-Bar Structure

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Hossain ◽  
R. Adibi-Asl ◽  
R. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complex Loading ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Elastic Stresses ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Geometric Configurations ◽  
Wide Range

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards used for designing pressure vessel and piping provide guidelines to classify the linear elastic stresses into primary, secondary and peak categories. Although these guidelines cover a wide range of pressure components, they are sometimes difficult to apply to the three-dimensional components with complex loading and geometries. The concept of “reference two-bar structure” is used in this paper to categorize the stresses in pressure components and structures, using linear elastic finite element analyses. The method is applied to a number of components and structures from simple to relatively complex geometric configurations. The results compare well with those obtained from commercial finite element codes.

A Simplified Approach on the Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Threaded Connectors

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
L. Y. Chen ◽  
M. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Plastic Analysis ◽  
Improve Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Improve Cost

The design of threaded connectors based on an elastic analysis appears overly conservative. This, in turn, will result in unnecessary material and manufacturing costs. To improve cost effectiveness, the design of connectors from the elastic-plastic viewpoint is warranted. This paper presents a simplified approach on the elastic-plastic finite element analysis of connectors. This approach would save tremendous computer costs which may be incurred in conducting a regular elastic-plastic analysis of threaded connectors.

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