A note on the stabilities of work trip travel demands in Toronto

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Trip Generation ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Work Trip ◽  
Census Metropolitan Area ◽  
Over Time

The 1971 and 1981 census journey-to-work data are used to examine the temporal and spatial stabilities of home-based work trip travel demands in the Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA). Regression analysis is used to establish consistent trip generation equations at the census tract level using population, household, and dwelling unit data; the stabilities of alternative equations over time are examined. All of the partial regression coefficients shifted over time, reflecting the substantial changes that have occurred in household structure, female labour force participation, and the characteristics of the housing market. The spatial distributions of the residuals are examined in terms of the spatial differentiation that exists in the household sector in the Toronto CMA in terms of variables such as household size, population age, and occupation status. The use of traditional trip generation techniques is difficult to sustain given the temporal and spatial variations in the trip generation rate. It is concluded that travel demands can only be estimated from a careful consideration of the residential dynamics of the major subareas in a region.

scholarly journals Social Structures and the Occupational Composition of Skilled Worker Immigrants to Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Dryburgh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Skilled Worker ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Occupational Composition ◽  
Over Time

The individual decision to immigrate is made in the context of larger social structures that influence the composition of the economic immigrant population over time. Over the last 20 years, economic immigrants to Canada have faced changing selection policies, cycles of economic recession and growth, increased demand for information technology skills, women’s increased labour force participation and an aging labour force. Using data from Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), this paper examines the flow of economic immigrants to Canada by their occupational composition from 1980 to 2000. Relative to Canadians, when all immigrants from this period are grouped together, their economic integration is slow and does not reach parity with Canadians before 16 years. Among skilled worker immigrants, whereas the earlier cohorts did well but did not improve much over time, later cohorts started off in a relatively worse position, but early indications show a fairly steep slope to better relative average earnings. These differences support the need to examine immigrant integration by both the class of immigrant and the context at the time of immigration.

scholarly journals Study on the Temporal and Spatial Differentiation of Provincial Tourism Efficiency in Eastern China and Influencing Factors

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Huadi Wang ◽  
Shaogui Xu ◽  
Qiuyi Xie ◽  
Jianying Fan ◽  
Nianxing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Malmquist Index ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Tourism efficiency can be used to effectively measure the utilization of regional tourism resources and the state of tourism economic development. Based on the super efficiency DEA model, Malmquist index, and spatial econometric model, this article measures the static and dynamic tourism efficiency of 11 provinces and cities in eastern China for 2010 to 2019. In combining ArcGIS 10.0 and MATLAB 2016b software, this article studies the temporal and spatial differentiation of tourism efficiency in eastern provinces and cities and influencing factors. The results show that (1) the overall tourism efficiency of eastern provinces is at a high level and relatively stable, but the regional distribution is quite varied, and problems of spatial imbalance are prominent; (2) the overall tourism efficiency of eastern provinces is increasing, and the change index of technical efficiency contributes the most, followed by the change index of scale efficiency; and (3) industrial status, traffic conditions, tourism resource endowment, and the labour force are the main factors affecting the temporal and spatial differentiation of tourism efficiency in eastern provinces and cities, while the level of economic development and information technology have no significant impact.

Not All Time Is Money: Women’s Burden of Unpaid Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Bhuta ◽  
Mridula Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Force Time ◽  
Infrastructural Support

Since the 1990s, India has been witnessing a downward trend in female labour force participation (FLFP). Feminist economists have argued that the invisible labour of unpaid household work is quintessential for the social reproduction of the labour force. Time-use statistics can be useful for estimating the value of unpaid work and lead policy responses towards increasing FLFP. This study analyses the report on Time Use in India-2019 to draw insights from data on women’s disproportionate burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving services. It is argued that this has implications for their participation in the labour market. The patriarchal structure of the family pushes the onus of domestic labour on women. This confines them to home-based, poorly remunerated and informal work, or excludes them from the labour market. Interventions in the form of generating non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, establishing infrastructural support mechanisms in workplaces and encouraging female education and employment can not only stimulate FLFP but also help to address the crisis of jobless growth.

Adam's Garden or Eve's?

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
Ayesha Afzal ◽  
Aiman Asif
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Capacity ◽  
Over Time

Corruption, or the misuse of public office, has become a major concern for governments in recent years. The purpose of this study is to identify how women, in an economic capacity, influence perception of corruption in a country, and how the relationship changes over time. Female empowerment movements have grown in the past decades, resulting in increased labour force participation of women. This chapter considers 167 countries from 1995 to 2018 to study the relationship. The results suggest that working women in an economy have a significant impact on reducing the perceived level of corruption, from 2007 to 2018, whereas this effect is not as strong in the earlier decade. These findings have implications for policies surrounding female employment. It is suggested that encouraging women to get higher education and become professionals can help curb the levels of corruption, especially in developing countries where corruption is widely prevalent.

Incorporating Work Trip Accessibility in Nonwork Trip Generation Models in San Francisco Bay Area

1996 ◽  
Vol 1556 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Purvis ◽  
Miguel Iglesias ◽  
Victoria A. Eisen
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Trip Duration ◽  
Trip Generation ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Trip Frequency ◽  
Work Trip ◽  
Social Recreation

Efforts to include disaggregate work trip accessibility in models of non-work trip generation are described. Reported household-level, one-way, average home-based work trip duration is used in home-based shop/other and home-based social/recreation models for the San Francisco Bay Area. The survey data and models show an inverse relationship between work trip duration and home-based nonwork trip frequency: as work trip duration increases, nonwork trip frequency decreases. Hybrid trip generation models using multiple regression techniques, cross-classified by workers in household level and vehicles in household level, are estimated using data from the 1981 and 1990 household travel surveys. Work trip duration is excluded in models estimated for nonworking households and is included in models estimated for single-worker and multiworker households. Elasticity analyses show that a 10 percent decrease in the regional work trip duration yields a 1.2 percent increase in regional home-based shop/other trips and a 0.9 percent increase in regional home-based social/recreation trips. The research helps to identify practical means to incorporate workplace accessibility in regional travel demand model forecasting systems, to better analyze the issue of induced trip making, and to provide a better understanding of the linkage between congestion and trip frequency choice behavior.

The Invisible Workers: Capturing Home-based Work in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-208
Author(s):  
Ellina Samantroy
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Home Based

The present paper is contextualised within the backdrop of high informality and a declining female labour force participation in India. Women in India are predominantly in the informal sector engaged in various kinds of precarious employment including home based work that remains unaccounted and undercounted in National Accounting Statistics. Since the home based workers are not into a formal employment relationship and mostly work within the domains of the household, they largely remain outside the purview of social protection. The present paper provides an insight into home based work in India and tries to locate home based workers and their employment conditions vis a vis their location in various social groups. It also tries to understand the existing data gaps in capturing home based workers thereby attempting to locate the gender concerns in data sources for providing full visibility to the informal economy. The paper tries to provide policy recommendations for addressing the concerns associated with home-based workers and larger questions on reducing gendered vulnerabilities across social groups for a sustained labour market participation. The paper is based on secondary data from several governmental sources including the Census, National Sample Survey (NSS), Time Use Survey 1998–99 and the Economic Census.

Employment Pattern and Extent of Under-utilisation of Manpower in Rural Baran; Areas of Pakistan

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1225-1233
Author(s):  
Sabur Ghayur
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Frontier Province ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Employment Pattern

The barani (rain-fed) region accounts for about a fifth of the cultivated area in Pakistan. It has the potential to significantly increase crop production levels. Similarly, considerable scope exists in this area for the development of forests, fruit and vegetable gardening, pasture and stock rearing. Most of the natural resources are also found in this tract. Its hilly areas possess a vast potential for tourism. Besides, significant opportunities exist for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. An optimum utilisation of all this potential, obviously, is employmentgenerating and income-augmenting. Despite all such realisations this region as a whole, unfortunately, is identified as the least attended to area in terms of provision of socio-physical infrastructure, other development programmes and, even, research work. This led to a deterioration of the employment situation in the barani region as a whole. A poor information base and analysis thereof on employment and manpower related variables is also the consequence of such a treatment to this area. I This paper, using the data of a field survey, tries to fill, though partly, the vacuum on employment and related variables in the rural barani region. An attempt is made here to record and analyse the labour force participation rates, employment pattern (main economic activities) and unemployment/underemployment levels prevailing in the rural baran; areas of the provinces of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).

Modelling the cost of ill health in Health&WealthMOD (Version II): lost labour force participation, income and taxation, and the impact of disease prevention

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Schofield ◽  
Rupendra Shrestha ◽  
Emily Callander ◽  
Richard Pervical ◽  
Simon Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact
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