Regional seismic risk in British Columbia — classification of buildings and development of damage probability functions

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E Ventura ◽  
W.D Liam Finn ◽  
Tuna Onur ◽  
Ardel Blanquera ◽  
Mahmoud Rezai
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
Damage Probability Matrix

Regional seismic risk estimations are needed in southwestern British Columbia, since it is one of the most seismically active and highly populated regions in Canada. Regional estimations typically involve a large number of buildings, which makes it necessary to establish a building classification system, where the average response to earthquake shaking is assumed to be similar within each building class. In this study, buildings in British Columbia were divided into 31 classes based on their material, lateral load bearing system, height, use, and age. A damage probability matrix (DPM) was then developed for each building class which describes the probability of being in a certain damage level (i.e., light, moderate, heavy, etc.) given the ground shaking intensity. Next, a probability distribution function was fit to the discrete probability values at each intensity level. The products of this study, the building classification system, the DPMs, and the probability distribution functions will allow regional damage and loss estimations in the area.Key words: seismic risk, vulnerability, building classification, structural system, building response, damage, probability.

Regional seismic risk in British Columbia — damage and loss distribution in Victoria and Vancouver

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuna Onur ◽  
Carlos E Ventura ◽  
W.D Liam Finn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Block Basis ◽  
Loss Distribution ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Different Types

This paper presents the results of regional seismic risk assessment studies that were carried out for two cities in southwestern British Columbia, Vancouver and Victoria. Ground shaking intensity in the area was obtained using the seismic source zones delineated by the Geological Survey of Canada for a probability level of 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years. Building inventories were compiled by aggregating data from sidewalk surveys as well as municipal databases. Modified Mercalli intensity-based damage matrices that relate the level of ground shaking to the amount of damage expected in different types of structures were used to estimate damage to structural and non-structural components of buildings. Estimated damage and loss distributions were mapped on a block-by-block basis. The historic sections of the cities were estimated to have damage levels between 10% and 30% of the replacement cost, while in the rest of the cities the estimated damage was generally in the 5% to 10% range. The results show the estimated economic loss distribution is considerably different from the damage distribution. Although the older neighbourhoods of the cities are expected to suffer highest amount of damage, the highest amount of economic loss is estimated to occur in areas with concentration of concrete high-rise buildings.Key words: seismic hazard, seismic risk, vulnerability, earthquake, damage, loss, probability, modified Mercalli intensity.

scholarly journals Microzonation of seismic risk in a low-rise Latin American city based on the macroseismic evaluation of the vulnerability of residential buildings: Colima city, México

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1347-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Zobin ◽  
A. A. Cruz-Bravo ◽  
F. Ventura-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Damage Probability Matrices ◽  
Urban Buildings ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Damage Probability Matrix ◽  
Probability Matrices

Abstract. A macroseismic methodology of seismic risk microzonation in a low-rise city based on the vulnerability of residential buildings is proposed and applied to Colima city, Mexico. The seismic risk microzonation for Colima consists of two elements: the mapping of residential blocks according to their vulnerability level and the calculation of an expert-opinion based damage probability matrix (DPM) for a given level of earthquake intensity and a given type of residential block. A specified exposure time to the seismic risk for this zonation is equal to the interval between two destructive earthquakes. The damage probability matrices were calculated for three types of urban buildings and five types of residential blocks in Colima. It was shown that only 9% of 1409 residential blocks are able to resist to the Modify Mercalli (MM) intensity VII and VIII earthquakes without significant damage. The proposed DPM-2007 is in good accordance with the experimental damage curves based on the macroseismic evaluation of 3332 residential buildings in Colima that was carried out after the 21 January 2003 intensity MM VII earthquake. This methodology and the calculated PDM-2007 curves may be applied also to seismic risk microzonation for many low-rise cities in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

Definition of Lateral Spread Displacement for Regional Risk Assessments of Pipeline Vulnerability

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Honegger ◽  
Mujib Rahman ◽  
Humberto Puebla ◽  
Dharma Wijewickreme ◽  
Anthony Augello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Seismic Hazard Analysis ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Shaking

Terasen Gas Inc. (Terasen) operates a natural gas supply and distribution system situated within one of the zones of the highest seismic activity in Canada. The region encompasses significant areas underlain by marine, deltaic, and alluvial soil deposits, some of which are considered to be susceptible to liquefaction and large ground movements when subjected to earthquake ground shaking. Terasen undertook an assessment of seismic risks to its transmission and key intermediate pressure pipelines in the Lower Mainland in 1994 [1]. The seismic assessment focused on approximately 500 km of steel pipelines ranging from NPS 8 to NPS 42 and operating at pressures from 1900 to 4020 kPa. The 1994 risk assessment provided the basis for detailed site-specific assessment and seismic upgrade programs to retrofit its existing system to reduce risks to acceptable levels. While the general approach undertaken in 1994 remains technically sound, advancements have been made over the past 15 years in the understanding of earthquake hazards and their impact on pipelines. In particular, estimates of the earthquake ground shaking hazard in British Columbia as published by Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) have recently been updated and incorporated into the 2005 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). In addition, empirical methods of estimating lateral spread ground displacements have been improved as new case-history information has become available. Given these changes, Terasen decided in 2009 to reexamine the seismic risk to Terasen’s pipelines. The scope of the updated seismic risk study was expanded over that in 1994 to include pipelines on Vancouver Island and the Interior of British Columbia. For regional assessments, estimates of lateral spread displacements are necessarily based upon empirical formulations that relate displacement to variables of earthquake severity (earthquake magnitude and distance), susceptibility to liquefaction (density, grain size, fines content), and topography (distance from a river bank or ground slope). Implementing empirical formulae with the results of probabilistic seismic hazard calculations is complicated by the fact that the empirical approach requires earthquake magnitude and distance, as a parametric couple, to be related to the ground shaking severity. However, but such a relationship does not exist in the estimates of mean or modal earthquake magnitude and distance disaggregated from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This paper presents an overview of the approach to regional risk assessment undertaken by Terasen and discusses the unique approach adopted for determining lateral spread displacements consistent with the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.

Probability Distribution Functions for the Random Forced Burgers Equation

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1904-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan E ◽  
Konstantin Khanin ◽  
Alexandre Mazel ◽  
Yakov Sinai
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Burgers Equation ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Probability Distribution Functions

scholarly journals A Mathematical Method for Determining the Parameters of Functional Dependencies Using Multiscale Probability Distribution Functions

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Ilya E. Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Independent Parameter ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Computing Device ◽  
System On A Chip ◽  
Error Probability Distribution ◽  
Special Case

This article discusses the application of the method of approximation of experimental data by functional dependencies, which uses a probabilistic assessment of the deviation of the assumed dependence from experimental data. The application of this method involves the introduction of an independent parameter “scale of the error probability distribution function” and allows one to synthesize the deviation functions, forming spaces with a nonlinear metric, based on the existing assumptions about the sources of errors and noise. The existing method of regression analysis can be obtained from the considered method as a special case. The article examines examples of analysis of experimental data and shows the high resistance of the method to the appearance of single outliers in the sample under study. Since the introduction of an independent parameter increases the number of computations, for the practical application of the method in measuring and information systems, the architecture of a specialized computing device of the “system on a chip” class and practical approaches to its implementation based on programmable logic integrated circuits are considered.

Exploring probability distribution functions best-fitting the kinetic energy of coarse particles at above threshold flow conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Farhadi ◽  
Manousos Valyrakis
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Particle Transport ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Probability Distribution Functions ◽  
Transport Regime

<p>Applying an instrumented particle [1-3], the probability density functions of kinetic energy of a coarse particle (at different solid densities) mobilised over a range of above threshold flow conditions conditions corresponding to the intermittent transport regime, were explored. The experiments were conducted in the Water Engineering Lab at the University of Glasgow on a tilting recirculating flume with 800 (length) × 90 (width) cm dimension. Twelve different flow conditions corresponding to intermittent transport regime for the range of particle densities examined herein, have been implemented in this research. Ensuring fully developed flow conditions, the start of the test section was located at 3.2 meters upstream of the flume outlet. The bed surface of the flume is flat and made up of well-packed glass beads of 16.2 mm diameter, offering a uniform roughness over which the instrumented particle is transported. MEMS sensors are embedded within the instrumented particle with 3-axis gyroscope and 3-axis accelerometer. At the beginning of each experimental run, instrumented particle is placed at the upstream of the test section, fully exposed to the free stream flow. Its motion is recorded with top and side cameras to enable a deeper understanding of particle transport processes. Using results from sets of instrumented particle transport experiments with varying flow rates and particle densities, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the instrumented particles kinetic energy, were generated. The best-fitted PDFs were selected by applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the results were discussed considering the light of the recent literature of the particle velocity distributions.</p><p>[1] Valyrakis, M.; Alexakis, A. Development of a “smart-pebble” for tracking sediment transport. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics (River Flow 2016), St. Louis, MO, USA, 12–15 July 2016.</p><p>[2] Al-Obaidi, K., Xu, Y. & Valyrakis, M. 2020, The Design and Calibration of Instrumented Particles for Assessing Water Infrastructure Hazards, Journal of Sensors and Actuator Networks, vol. 9, no. 3, 36.</p><p>[3] Al-Obaidi, K. & Valyrakis, M. 2020, Asensory instrumented particle for environmental monitoring applications: development and calibration, IEEE sensors journal (accepted).</p>

Comparison of gridded temperature dataset of IMD and Sheffield over India

2021 ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
Anurag Sharma ◽  
Deepak Swami ◽  
Nitin Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Box Plots ◽  
Modelling Studies

Climate modelling and prediction studies play crucial role in identifying suitable mitigation techniques to minimize or avoid adverse consequences of climate extremes. The accurate spatially and temporally distributed temperature and rainfall dataset are key components in climate prediction studies. Reanalysis datasets provide better spatial and temporal coverage than observational datasets; therefore, reanalysis datasets are widely used for global and regional studies. However, before using the reanalysis dataset in climate modelling studies, it is crucial to compare the robustness and accuracy of the reanalysis dataset with the observational dataset. In this study, daily gridded maximum and minimum temperature datasets of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) (1°?×?1°) and Sheffield (0.25°×0.25°) are compared using 62-years data i.e 1951-2012. The comparison is based on differences in spatial distribution pattern, probability distribution functions plots and box-plots of the respective gridded dataset. The spatial distribution of grid-wise averaged maximum and minimum temperature dataset generally compare well across pan India in both IMD and Sheffield; however, the significant differences are observed over western Himalaya (WH) and northeast (NE) region. The probability distribution of the pooled mean minimum temperature dataset of IMD is found significantly different from Sheffield using the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. This study will be helpful for researchers who are planning to use Sheffield gridded temperature dataset for climate modelling studies.

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