Regional seismic risk in British Columbia — damage and loss distribution in Victoria and Vancouver

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuna Onur ◽  
Carlos E Ventura ◽  
W.D Liam Finn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Block Basis ◽  
Loss Distribution ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Different Types

This paper presents the results of regional seismic risk assessment studies that were carried out for two cities in southwestern British Columbia, Vancouver and Victoria. Ground shaking intensity in the area was obtained using the seismic source zones delineated by the Geological Survey of Canada for a probability level of 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years. Building inventories were compiled by aggregating data from sidewalk surveys as well as municipal databases. Modified Mercalli intensity-based damage matrices that relate the level of ground shaking to the amount of damage expected in different types of structures were used to estimate damage to structural and non-structural components of buildings. Estimated damage and loss distributions were mapped on a block-by-block basis. The historic sections of the cities were estimated to have damage levels between 10% and 30% of the replacement cost, while in the rest of the cities the estimated damage was generally in the 5% to 10% range. The results show the estimated economic loss distribution is considerably different from the damage distribution. Although the older neighbourhoods of the cities are expected to suffer highest amount of damage, the highest amount of economic loss is estimated to occur in areas with concentration of concrete high-rise buildings.Key words: seismic hazard, seismic risk, vulnerability, earthquake, damage, loss, probability, modified Mercalli intensity.

Regional seismic risk in British Columbia — classification of buildings and development of damage probability functions

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E Ventura ◽  
W.D Liam Finn ◽  
Tuna Onur ◽  
Ardel Blanquera ◽  
Mahmoud Rezai
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Damage Probability ◽  
Damage Probability Matrix

Regional seismic risk estimations are needed in southwestern British Columbia, since it is one of the most seismically active and highly populated regions in Canada. Regional estimations typically involve a large number of buildings, which makes it necessary to establish a building classification system, where the average response to earthquake shaking is assumed to be similar within each building class. In this study, buildings in British Columbia were divided into 31 classes based on their material, lateral load bearing system, height, use, and age. A damage probability matrix (DPM) was then developed for each building class which describes the probability of being in a certain damage level (i.e., light, moderate, heavy, etc.) given the ground shaking intensity. Next, a probability distribution function was fit to the discrete probability values at each intensity level. The products of this study, the building classification system, the DPMs, and the probability distribution functions will allow regional damage and loss estimations in the area.Key words: seismic risk, vulnerability, building classification, structural system, building response, damage, probability.

Definition of Lateral Spread Displacement for Regional Risk Assessments of Pipeline Vulnerability

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Honegger ◽  
Mujib Rahman ◽  
Humberto Puebla ◽  
Dharma Wijewickreme ◽  
Anthony Augello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Seismic Hazard Analysis ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Shaking

Terasen Gas Inc. (Terasen) operates a natural gas supply and distribution system situated within one of the zones of the highest seismic activity in Canada. The region encompasses significant areas underlain by marine, deltaic, and alluvial soil deposits, some of which are considered to be susceptible to liquefaction and large ground movements when subjected to earthquake ground shaking. Terasen undertook an assessment of seismic risks to its transmission and key intermediate pressure pipelines in the Lower Mainland in 1994 [1]. The seismic assessment focused on approximately 500 km of steel pipelines ranging from NPS 8 to NPS 42 and operating at pressures from 1900 to 4020 kPa. The 1994 risk assessment provided the basis for detailed site-specific assessment and seismic upgrade programs to retrofit its existing system to reduce risks to acceptable levels. While the general approach undertaken in 1994 remains technically sound, advancements have been made over the past 15 years in the understanding of earthquake hazards and their impact on pipelines. In particular, estimates of the earthquake ground shaking hazard in British Columbia as published by Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) have recently been updated and incorporated into the 2005 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). In addition, empirical methods of estimating lateral spread ground displacements have been improved as new case-history information has become available. Given these changes, Terasen decided in 2009 to reexamine the seismic risk to Terasen’s pipelines. The scope of the updated seismic risk study was expanded over that in 1994 to include pipelines on Vancouver Island and the Interior of British Columbia. For regional assessments, estimates of lateral spread displacements are necessarily based upon empirical formulations that relate displacement to variables of earthquake severity (earthquake magnitude and distance), susceptibility to liquefaction (density, grain size, fines content), and topography (distance from a river bank or ground slope). Implementing empirical formulae with the results of probabilistic seismic hazard calculations is complicated by the fact that the empirical approach requires earthquake magnitude and distance, as a parametric couple, to be related to the ground shaking severity. However, but such a relationship does not exist in the estimates of mean or modal earthquake magnitude and distance disaggregated from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This paper presents an overview of the approach to regional risk assessment undertaken by Terasen and discusses the unique approach adopted for determining lateral spread displacements consistent with the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.

Probabilistic Assessment of Reliability and Risk Values by Certification Results

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lapin ◽  
Erken S. Aldakhov ◽  
S. D. Aldakhov ◽  
A. B. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Seismic Resistance ◽  
Probabilistic Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
First Time ◽  
Structural Solutions ◽  
Practical Recommendations

For the first time in Almaty full passport of apartment stock of multiapartment building was carried out. The structure of the housing stock was revealed with the allocation of groups of buildings according to structural solutions and assessment of their seismic resistance. Based on the results of certification, quantitative estimates of failure probability values for different types of buildings were obtained. Formulas for estimation of quantitative value of seismic risk are obtained. The number of deaths in the estimated zem-shakes was estimated. The results of the assessments will be used for practical recommendations to reduce risk and expected losses in possible earthquakes.

scholarly journals Communicating earthquake risk: mapped parameters and cartographic representation

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Gaspar-Escribano ◽  
T. Iturrioz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
Earthquake Risk Assessment

Abstract. Earthquake risk assessment is probably the most effective tool for reducing adverse earthquake effects and for developing pre- and post-event planning actions. The related risk information (data and results) is of interest for persons with different backgrounds and interests, including scientists, emergency planners, decision makers and other stakeholders. Hence, it is important to ensure that this information is properly transferred to all persons involved in seismic risk, considering the nature of the information and the particular circumstances of the source and of the receiver of the information. Some experience-based recommendations about the parameters and the graphical representations that can be used to portray earthquake risk information to different types of audiences are presented in this work.

scholarly journals Tortious liability for pure economic loss

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ευστάθιος Μπανάκας
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Pure Economic Loss ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
Comparative Examination ◽  
Individual Style

Financial harm may be caused in many different ways. It can be said that it appears in several different ’’types", each produced in distinct factual circumstances. Different "types" of financial harm may demand a different treatment by the law. The considerations that ought to determine the policy of the law vary together with the factual . circumstances, in which each particular type offinancial harm becomes manifested. Thence the need for a separate examination of the major, or "generic", types of such harm, a need that has already been - detected by Comparative lawyers writing on the subject.(20) The present study will concentrate on the problem ' of financial harm that is not the product of a harmful intention (21) . In the Common Law of Negligence this problem is known as the "pure economic loss" problem. The solutions given to it by English Law are compared to the solutions of the French Law of Torts, and to those of the law of Torts of the German Federal Republic (West Germany)(22). The compared Tort systems not only are leadingthe major legal traditions of our age, each employing its own individual "style" (23), but, also, operate in virtually similar social and economic environments. This should allow the comparison to expose more easily the true merits of any "stylistic" idiosyncrasies, thatthey might possess in this particular connection. The problem of pure economic, loss caused by erroneous advice or information is not examined in * detail in the present study. It has been already the subject of comprehensive Comparative examination (24).

Potential Losses in a Repeat of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1157-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Wong ◽  
Jawhar Bouabid ◽  
William Graf ◽  
Charles Huyck ◽  
Allan Porush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
The State ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
Earthquake Losses ◽  
Fire Stations

A comprehensive earthquake loss assessment for the state of South Carolina using HAZUS was performed considering four different earthquake scenarios: a moment magnitude ( M) 7.3 “1886 Charleston-like” earthquake, M 6.3 and M 5.3 events also from the Charleston seismic source, and an M 5.0 earthquake in Columbia. Primary objectives of this study were (1) to generate credible earthquake losses to provide a baseline for coordination, capability development, training, and strategic planning for the South Carolina Emergency Management Division, and (2) to raise public awareness of the significant earthquake risk in the state. Ground shaking, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced landsliding hazards were characterized using region-specific inputs on seismic source, path, and site effects, and ground motion numerical modeling. Default inventory data on buildings and facilities in HAZUS were either substantially enhanced or replaced. Losses were estimated using a high resolution 2- km×2- km grid rather than the census tract approach used in HAZUS. The results of the loss assessment indicate that a future repeat of the 1886 earthquake would be catastrophic, resulting in possibly 900 deaths, more than 44,000 injuries, and a total economic loss of $20 billion in South Carolina alone. Schools, hospitals, fire stations, ordinary buildings, and bridges will suffer significant damage due to the general lack of seismic design in the state. Lesser damage and losses will be sustained in the other earthquake scenarios although even the smallest event could result in significant losses.

Wave propagation simulation on a 3D model of the Ruhr district for locations of seismic monitoring.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela de los Angeles Gonzalez de Lucio ◽  
Claudia Finger ◽  
Erik Saenger
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Seismic Source ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Ruhr District

<p>The Ruhr district meets the necessary elements to carry out geothermal projects due to its geothermal potential and demand, as it is a densely populated industrial area. Currently, there are projects for direct use, whereas projects for electricity generation are planned. The latter, due to greater depths, reservoir enhancement techniques are required in some cases. This may increase the associated seismic risk which should be elaborated in detail.</p><p>With available data, a three-dimensional geological and structural model was created. The shallower parts have been widely studied and documented by mining activity in the Ruhr region during the last century.  Below a depth of 1 km, data are scarce, and uncertainties increase. The full elastic wavefield emitted by a realistic seismic source has been simulated using a finite differences scheme and the derived geological model. The elastic properties were estimated with well data. The source has common characteristics of real seismic events in the area.</p><p>The wave propagation simulations let us analyze the seismic response with different sources and velocities models. Three cases are considered, two seismic events with distinct depths based on real events. The third case is based on the proposed location of a deep geothermal project.</p><p>Especially for the case with the deeper source, the areas with relatively high amplitudes of displacement correlated with structural features of the model. Applying the imaging condition of maximum energy density allows us to define zones with a potentially increased seismic risk that should be monitored more closely.</p>

Risk in Practice

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Louise K. Comfort
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Response Systems

This chapter examines the four different types of response systems that were identified by degree of adaptation to the problem of seismic risk. Auto-adaptive systems are those that are high on technical infrastructure, high on organizational flexibility, and high on cultural openness to new ideas and strategies of action. Operative adaptive systems are those systems that demonstrate awareness of seismic risk and a moderate degree of professional planning and preparedness to reduce risk of losses. Emergent adaptive systems are those systems that are low on technical structure but show some degree of flexibility in organizational processes and beginning openness to new information and new strategies of action in the cultural dimension. Meanwhile, nonadaptive systems are those systems unable to mobilize effective response operations independently after an extreme event, and virtually all assistance comes from external sources. In practice, initial conditions influenced the formation of response systems following earthquakes in all 12 cases, leading to different types of adaptation. The path dependence that follows from each distinctive set of initial conditions illustrates both the promise and the challenge of shaping communities that are resilient to seismic risk.

12. Damages

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Dr Karen Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Online Resources ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Different Types

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the issue of damages, covering key debates, sample questions, diagram answer plan, tips for getting extra marks, and online resources. To answer questions on this topic, students need to understand the following: the primary purpose behind an award of damages; the different types of damages; the three principal types of damage for which a remedy may be available: personal injury (death and psychiatric harm included), property damage, economic loss; and how to calculate an award (in principle).

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