Évaluation de la résistance à la fatigue des enrobés bitumineux fondée sur l'évolution de l'endommagement du matériau en cours d'essai : aspects fondamentaux et application à l'enrobé à matrice de pierre

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Perraton ◽  
Hassan Baaj ◽  
Hervé Di Benedetto ◽  
Michel Paradis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Stone Matrix

Fatigue of bituminous asphalts is one of the main types of pavement destruction. This phenomenon was studied extensively in Europe (RILEM) and in the United States (SHRP). There are no standardized tests in Quebec to assess asphalt fatigue resistance. In France, a new approach based on the determination of damage rates due to fatigue has been developed for a tension–compression test on asphalt core samples to study their fatigue strength. This paper presents a summary of the knowledge on asphalt fatigue. Damage rate analyses, developed by the DGCB (Département de Génie Civil et du Bâtiment) of the ENTPE at Lyon, is detailed and applied to stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Results show the validity of the approach by damage and the good fatigue damage strength of the SMA.Key words: bituminous asphalts, fatigue, complex module, damage, stone matrix asphalts (SMA), viscoelasticity, mechanical properties of bituminous asphalts.[Journal Translation]

Method To Ensure Stone-on-Stone Contact in Stone Matrix Asphalt Paving Mixtures

1997 ◽  
Vol 1583 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Brown ◽  
John E. Haddock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Aggregate Breakdown ◽  
Superpave Gyratory Compactor ◽  
Asphalt Paving ◽  
Stone Matrix

The use of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) has continued to rise in the United States because of its ability to withstand heavy traffic without rutting. This ability is derived from a stone-on-stone coarse aggregate skeleton. While this coarse aggregate skeleton is imperative for SMA to perform, no quantitative method exists to measure it. A method for determining when stone-on-stone contact exists is presented. The proposed method first determines the voids in the coarse aggregate (VCA) for the coarse aggregate–only fraction of the SMA mixture. Second, the VCA is determined for the entire SMA mixture. When the two VCA values are compared, the VCA of the SMA mixture should be less than or equal to the VCA of the coarse aggregate–only fraction to ensure that stone-on-stone contact exists in the mixture. Five different methods for determining the VCA of the coarse aggregate–only fraction were used to see which performed best and was the most practical. The aggregate degradation produced by each of the five methods was also determined and compared with the coarse aggregate breakdown produced in an SMA mixture compacted with 50 blows of a Marshall hammer. The results indicate that the Superpave gyratory compactor and dry-rodded methods produced the best results. Both methods are recommended for further testing.

Stress Testing to Assess Recovery from Extreme Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. John Plodinec
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Potential Benefits

Abstract Over the last decade, communities have become increasingly aware of the risks they face. They are threatened by natural disasters, which may be exacerbated by climate change and the movement of land masses. Growing globalization has made a pandemic due to the rapid spread of highly infectious diseases ever more likely. Societal discord breeds its own threats, not the least of which is the spread of radical ideologies giving rise to terrorism. The accelerating rate of technological change has bred its own social and economic risks. This widening spectrum of risk poses a difficult question to every community – how resilient will the community be to the extreme events it faces. In this paper, we present a new approach to answering that question. It is based on the stress testing of financial institutions required by regulators in the United States and elsewhere. It generalizes stress testing by expanding the concept of “capital” beyond finance to include the other “capitals” (e.g., human, social) possessed by a community. Through use of this approach, communities can determine which investments of its capitals are most likely to improve its resilience. We provide an example of using the approach, and discuss its potential benefits.

scholarly journals 107 Traceability

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
John Butler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Final Rule

Abstract Animal disease traceability—or knowing where diseased and at-risk animals are, where they’ve been, and when—is important to ensuring a rapid response when animal disease events take place. Although animal disease traceability does not prevent disease, an efficient and accurate traceability system reduces the number of animals and response time involved in a disease investigation; which, in turn, reduces the economic impact on owners and affected communities. The current approach to traceability in the United States is the result of significant discussion and compromise. Federal policy regarding traceability has been amended several times over the past decade based on stakeholder feedback, particularly from the cattle industry. In early 2010, USDA announced a new approach for responding to and controlling animal diseases, referred to as the ADT framework. USDA published a proposed rule, “Traceability for Livestock Moving Interstate,” on August 11, 2011, and the final rule on January 9, 2013. Under the final rule, unless specifically exempted, livestock moved interstate must be officially identified and accompanied by an interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI) or other documentation. However, these requirements do not apply to all cattle. Beef cattle under 18 months of age, unless they are moved interstate for shows, exhibitions, rodeos, or recreational events, are exempt from the official identification requirement in this rule. We can do better. Our industry must recognize how vulnerable we really are, should we be subject to a disease such as foot and mouth. We must also understand what a competitive disadvantage the United States faces in the global marketplace without a recognized, industry-wide traceability system.

Towards a redefinition of the role of the court interpreter

Interpreting ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Mikkelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
State Statutes

Various federal and state statutes in the United States define the role of the court interpreter with clear and unequivocal rules. This definition is based on the underlying principles of the U.S. legal system, which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon common-law tradition. Consequently, the distinctive features of that system, including the jury trial and the concept of adversarial proceedings, make the function of the court interpreter quite different from that of his/her counterparts in other countries. In recent years, the judiciary has made an effort to enhance the public's access to the justice system, but at the same time, the latest wave of immigration comprises individuals from societies in which cultural norms differ greatly from those of the United States. Moreover, many of these immigrants have received little or no formal education. As a result, judiciary interpreters feel somewhat constrained by the rules that govern their profession when they strive to bridge the cultural and linguistic gap. This paper reexamines the function of the court interpreter in light of these circumstances and an analysis of prevailing practices in other countries, and proposes a new approach to the interpreter's role.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE CAMERAL CHECKS PROCESS IN RUSSIA BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Sergeevna Kareva ◽  
◽  
Sevinj Mahmud kyzy Ismailova ◽  
Elena Evgenievna Dozhdva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Correct Determination

The article substantiates the need to reform cameral tax control in Russia based on the experience of the United States. The necessity of introducing into the procedure of cameral control the mechanism of requesting all documents confirming the correct determination of tax obligations is determined. The aim of improving the process of desk audits of control is that the new procedure for conducting audits will reduce the likelihood of tax violations.

scholarly journals The Theory of Wetting, and the Determination of the Wetting Power of Dipping and Spraying Fluids containing a Soap Basis

1915 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Cooper ◽  
W. H. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Wetting Power ◽  
The Government

The dipping of sheep and cattle, as a means of eradicating ‘scab,’ lice, ticks, etc., and the diseases which it is now known the latter may transmit, has met with such success, that compulsory dipping is now in vogue in most pastoral countries. Where compulsory dipping obtains, there must of necessity be some system of the standardisation of dips. In Queensland and South Africa, the respective Governments issue official formulae from which the stockbreeder can prepare his own dipping fluid. Only such proprietary dips, as are duly recognised by the Government, may be employed. In the United States, the regulations for the sale of proprietary dips are still more stringent. The quantity of active substance, usually sodium arsenite, nicotine or cresylic acid, is defined within very narrow limits. Further, no proprietary dip is now recognised, unless the manufacturer can furnish a ‘Field Tester,’ by means of which the stockbreeder can himself determine, in a simple and fairly trustworthy manner, the percentage of active constituent in his bath.

scholarly journals The Future of Turkey - United States Relations

Jurnal ICMES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Firmanda Taufiq
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Role Of The Government

Throughout 2018, relations between Turkey and the United States seemed to deteriorate. The leaders of the two countries issued sharp diplomatic statements and the US even imposed economic sanctions on Turkey. This article aims to analyze how the future of relations between Turkey and the United States. Cooperation between the two has a long historical side after the Cold War. Relations between the two countries are based on various interests, both economic, political, military and security interests. The theory used in this study is the theory of national interest. The US has great interests in the Middle East and Turkey is the front-line ally in achieving those interests. However, there are many US foreign policies that ignore the Turkish concern and create tensions between the two countries. On the contrary, Turkey also has considerable economic interests, but the role of the government elite (in this case, President Erdogan) has a significant influence in the determination of Turkish foreign policy. The findings of this study, although it will go through complex challenges and processes, the US and Turkey will continue to maintain their relations.

scholarly journals Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Institutions

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.

A Paradigm of ‘Crisis’ Decision Making: The Case of Synfuels Policy

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed E. Ahrari
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
The Self ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Crisis Conditions

In explaining the making and unravelling of the synfuels policy in the United States, a new approach—the ambivalent-majoritarian paradigm—is presented in this article. This paradigm fills a significant conceptual gap for the study of domestic policy formulated under crisis conditions.It is argued that the self-imposed necessity to respond to a crisis condition involving a policy decision is likely to force legislators to adopt a policy option that they would not adopt under normal conditions. The crisis response is likely to be passed by a ‘majoritarian’ crisis coalition which would also include a significant number of ‘ambivalents’, i.e., those legislators who have serious misgivings about the correctness or feasibility of the policy. In order for such a policy response to survive, it must withstand the scrutiny of ‘normal’ conditions involving that policy.

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