Energy Needs of Athletes

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. S202-S219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
And Performance ◽  
True Energy

Each athlete has unique energy requirements, which underpin their ability to meet total nutritional goals. For everyday dietary planning and evaluation, energy requirements can be predicted via estimations of RMR and activity levels. Research methods such as indirect calorimetry and DLW allow energy requirements to be measured, and may be useful to confirm situations in which an athlete has a true energy balance anomaly. There is some evidence that individual athletes may have reduced energy requirements, although this occurs less frequently than is reported. Most self-reports of food intake substantially under-estimate energy intake, due to under-reporting or under-eating during the period of record keeping. Many athletes are over-focused on reducing body mass and body fat below levels that are consistent with long-term health and performance. Restrained eating can cause significant detrimental outcomes to body function. Leptin may be involved in modulating or mediating some of these changes. Athletes should use their energy budget to choose foods that provide macronutrient and micronutrient needs for optimal health and performance. Practical advice may help athletes to achieve energy intake challenges.

scholarly journals Secular trends in under-reporting in young people

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Rennie ◽  
S. A. Jebb ◽  
A. Wright ◽  
W. A. Coward
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

National survey data show that reported energy intake has decreased in recent decades despite a rise in the prevalence of obesity. This disparity may be due to a secular increase in under-reporting or a quantitatively greater decrease in energy expenditure. This study examines the extent of under-reporting of energy intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) in young people aged 4–18 years in 1997 using published equations to calculate estimated energy requirements. It explores secular changes by comparison with the Diets of British School Children (DBSC) survey in 10–11- and 14–15-year-olds in 1983. In the NDNS, under-reporting (estimated energy requirements – energy intake) represented 21 % of energy needs in girls and 20 % in boys. The magnitude of under-reporting increased significantly with age (P<0·001) and was higher in overweight than lean individuals over 7 years of age. To compare reported energy intake in DBSC and NDNS, the estimated physical activity level from dietary records (dPAL=reported energy intake/predicted BMR) was calculated. If there were no under-reporting, dPAL would represent the subject's true activity level. However, dPAL from the NDNS was significantly lower than that from the DBSC by 8 % and 9 % in boys and girls for those aged 10–11 years, and by 14 % and 11 % for 14–15-year-olds respectively, reaching physiologically implausible levels in the 14–15-year-old girls (dPAL=1·17). If activity levels have remained constant between the two surveys, under-reporting has increased by 8–14 %. The evidence supports a secular trend towards increased under-reporting between the two surveys, but the precise magnitude cannot be quantified in the absence of historical measures of energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Protein Considerations for Athletes With a Spinal Cord Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Leonie Flueck ◽  
Jill A. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Secondary Complications ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Paralympic Games

Athlete participation in the Paralympic games is steadily increasing; prompting research focused on the unique needs of this population. While the Paralympic Games includes a diversity of athletes, athletes with a spinal cord injury (PARA-SCI) represent a subgroup that requires specialized recommendations. Nutritional guidelines designed to optimize performance, in the context of the neurological impairments, are required. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding the importance of dietary protein for optimal health and performance. Factors with the potential to affect protein needs in PARA-SCI including loss of active muscle mass, reduced energy expenditure, and secondary complications are examined in detail. Furthermore, we analyze protein intakes in PARA-SCI from the available research to provide context around current practices and trends. In conclusion, we make the case that protein recommendations for able-bodied athletes may not be directly transferable to PARA-SCI. Consequently, PARA-SCI need their own guidelines to maximize performance and ensure long-term health.

scholarly journals Energy intake in short bowel syndrome: assessment by 24-h dietary recalls compared with the doubly labelled water method

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila G. Fassini ◽  
Sai Krupa Das ◽  
Karina Pfrimer ◽  
Vivian M. M. Suen ◽  
Júlio Sérgio Marchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Short Bowel ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
And Control

AbstractShort bowel syndrome (SBS) represents a serious intestinal absorption disorder, and patients may be prone to severe malnutrition. Dietetic therapy is critically important both for immediate prognosis and successful long-term rehabilitation. To maintain energy balance, an accurate assessment of energy intake is required. Our objective was to compare energy intake (EI) assessed by 24-h dietary recalls (EIrecall), a standard clinical assessment, with the total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water (TEEdlw) method in SBS patients and matched controls. A total of twenty-two participants (eleven each in the SBS and control groups (CG), six female and five male) were evaluated; CG were matched to SBS patients on the basis of age, BMI and sex. TEE was measured by DLW and compared with EI determined by four 24-h dietary recalls using the USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Bland–Altman plots and paired Student’s t test were used to compare EIrecall with TEEdlw (P<0·05). Participants’ mean age was 53 (sd 8) years. TEEdlw (7·85 (SD 1·16) MJ/d, 0·14 (SD 0·02) MJ/kg per d) was significantly lower (P=0·014) compared with EIrecall (11·07 (SD 3·45) MJ/d, 0·21 (SD 0·08) MJ/kg per d) in the SBS group. On the other hand, in the CG group TEEdlw (10·02 (SD 1·86) MJ/d, 0·18 (SD 0·03) MJ/kg per d) was significantly higher (P=0·001) compared with EIrecall (7·19 (SD 1·68) MJ/d, 0·13 (SD 0·03) MJ/kg per d). In SBS patients, reported EI is higher than DLW-measured EI. Therefore, providing or prescribing energetic intake based on EIrecall without accounting for potential malabsorption-related losses can compromise the energy needs in SBS patients and affect nutritional status in the long term.

scholarly journals Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten L. Rennie ◽  
Andy Coward ◽  
Susan A. Jebb
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Dietary Surveys ◽  
Dietary Records

Under-reporting (UR) of energy intake (EI) by self-reported dietary methods is well-documented but the methods used to estimate UR in population-based studies commonly assume a sedentary lifestyle. We compared estimated UR using individualised estimates of energy requirements with a population cut-off based on minimum energy needs. UR was estimated for 1551 adults aged 19–64 years enrolled in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Physical activity diaries and 7 d weighed dietary records were completed concurrently. Mean daily EI (kJ/d) was calculated from the dietary records. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level, and then to calculate estimated energy requirements (EER) from published equations. UR was calculated both as EER – EI with an adjustment for daily EER and EI variation, and also by a population method. By the individual method UR was approximately 27 % of energy needs in men and 29 % in women, with 75 % of men and 77 % of women classified as under-reporters; by the population method 80 and 88 % were classified as under-reporters respectively. When subjects who reported their eating being affected by dieting or illness during dietary recording were excluded, UR was 25 % of energy needs in both sexes. UR was higher in overweight and obese men and women compared with their lean counterparts (P < 0·001). UR of EI must be considered in dietary surveys. The EER method allows UR to be quantified and takes into account an individual's activity level. Measures of physical activity and questions to identify under-eating during dietary recording may help to evaluate secular trends in UR.

scholarly journals The Impact of Isolation Measures Due to COVID-19 on Energy Intake and Physical Activity Levels in Australian University Students

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Gallo ◽  
Tania F. Gallo ◽  
Sophia L. Young ◽  
Karen M. Moritz ◽  
Lisa K. Akison
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Isolation ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity ◽  
The Impact

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in physical isolation measures in many parts of the world. In Australia, nationwide restrictions included staying at home, unless seeking medical care, providing care, purchasing food, undertaking exercise, or attending work in an essential service. All undergraduate university classes transitioned to online, mostly home-based learning. We, therefore, examined the effect of isolation measures during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (March/April) on diet (24-h recall) and physical activity (Active Australia Survey) patterns in third-year biomedical students. Findings were compared with students enrolled in the same course in the previous two years. In females, but not males, energy intake was ~20% greater during the pandemic, and snacking frequency and energy density of consumed snacks also increased compared with 2018 and 2019. Physical activity was impacted for both sexes during the pandemic with ~30% fewer students achieving “sufficient” levels of activity, defined by at least 150 min over at least five sessions, compared with the previous two years. In a follow-up study six to eight weeks later (14–18% response rate), during gradual easing of nationwide restrictions albeit continued gym closures and online learning, higher energy intake in females and reduced physical activity levels in both sexes persisted. These data demonstrate the health impacts of isolation measures, with the potential to affect long-term diet and activity behaviours.

The influence of energy Intake during pregnancy and lactation on weight and backfat change of the sow and on piglet performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
W.H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Short And Long Term

The present experiment has been designed to investigate the influence of variations in energy intake during both pregnancy and lactation on short- and long-term sow and litter performance. There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on a constant ME value throughout psregnancy of 439 kJ ME/kg0.75 per day, have therefore been calculated and applied in the present experiment. An additional feature of the experiment is to provide information on the effect of lactation feed intake on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain.

Long-term effects of diet on leptin, energy intake, and activity in a model of diet-induced obesity

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian K. Roberts ◽  
Joshua J. Berger ◽  
R. James Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity

This study investigated the effect of long-term high-fat sucrose (HFS) or low-fat complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) diet consumption on leptin, insulin, fat cell size, energy intake, and markers of activity to ascertain the role that leptin plays in long-term energy balance in a model of diet-induced obesity. Female Fischer 344 rats were fed either a HFS or LFCC diet ad libitum for a period of 20 mo. Measurements of leptin concentration, insulin concentration, and adipocyte size were performed at 2 wk, 2 mo, 6 mo, and 20 mo. Body weight and energy intake were measured weekly for calculation of feed efficiency. Body temperature and activity levels were assessed over a 5-day period after 12 mo of the dietary intervention. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations were significantly elevated within 2 wk of HFS diet consumption and remained elevated throughout the course of the study. After 2 mo, the adipocytes of the HFS group were significantly larger and continued to increase in size throughout the course of the study. A significant correlation was noted between leptin and adipocyte cell size ( r = 0.96, P < 0.01). However, despite elevated leptin, energy intake was similar, and the HFS group weighed significantly more than the LFCC group, as a result of a higher feed efficiency. There were no significant differences in body temperature or activity levels between the groups. These results demonstrate that a HFS diet causes hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia before adipocyte size is increased and suggests that leptin resistance may be present or, alternatively, that leptin does not to play a major role in the long-term regulation of energy intake or activity levels in this model.

scholarly journals Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Kathryn Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance

Appropriate energy intake is important for the health and performance of athletes. When an athlete’s energy intake is not concordant with energy expenditure, short- and long-term performance can be compromised and negative health effects may arise. The energy intake patterns of athletes are subject to numerous effectors, including exercise response, time, and availability of food. To assess different determinants of energy intake in athletes, we reviewed recent literature regarding the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise, appetite perceptions following exercise, chronic exercise-induced adaptations regarding appetite, and social factors regarding energy intake. Additionally, we discussed consequences of aberrant energy intake. The purpose of this review is to clarify understanding about energy intake in athletes and provide insights into methods toward maintaining proper energy intake.

scholarly journals Long-term adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding: how scientific research has led to revised opinions

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
A. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
High Bioavailability

The present paper reviews the research of the authors and their colleagues over the past 20 years to provide improved nutritional and anthropometric guidelines for the assessment of lactational adequacy and for when the weaning process might be initiated. The nutritional guidelines are based on revised dietary energy requirements. The basic assumption is that since breast milk is a well-balanced food, if energy needs are satisfied so will those for essential nutrients. Energy requirements for young babies have been derived from the application of the doubly-labelled-water technique. This approach indicated that 460 kJ (110 kcal)/kg per d at 1 month and 397 and 355 kJ (95 and 85 kcal)/kg per d at 3 and 6 months respectively would be satisfactory for a nutrient content of high bioavailability. Translated into a breast-milk intake of 850 ml/d the latter would cover the dietary energy needs of the average child growing along the 50th centile until at least 4 months, but the typical child from many developing countries following the 25th centile until 6 months. The importance of revised growth reference values for infancy, equally crucial for assessing lactational adequacy, is also reviewed. In contrast with the shapes of earlier reference patterns, growth trajectories are different when babies are fed in accordance with modern paediatric advice. Mothers and health professionals using the older growth charts to assess the progress of a baby can be misled into assuming that the weaning process needs to be introduced sooner than necessary. Examples of this situation within the context of a developing country are provided.

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