Cellular responses in skeletal muscle to a season of ice hockey

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Green ◽  
Aziz Batada ◽  
Bill Cole ◽  
Margaret E. Burnett ◽  
Helen Kollias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wet Weight

We hypothesized that a season of ice hockey would result in extensive remodeling of muscle. Tissue sampled from the vastus lateralis of 15 players (age = 20.6 ± 0.4 years; mean ± SE) prior to (PRE) and following (POST) a season was used to characterize specific adaptations. Measurement of representative metabolic pathway enzymes indicated higher maximal activities in POST than in PRE (p < 0.05) for succinic dehydrogenase (3.26 ± 0.31 vs. 3.91 ± 0.11 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), citrate synthase (7.26 ± 0.70 vs. 8.70 ± 0.55 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), and phosphofructokinase (12.8 ± 1.3 vs. 14.4 ± 0.96 mol·mg protein–1·min–1) only. The season resulted in an increase in Na+-K+-ATPase concentration (253 ± 6.3 vs. 265 ± 6.0 pmol·g–1 wet weight), a decrease (p < 0.05) in maximal activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (107 ± 4.2 µmol·g protein–1·min–1 vs. 92.0 ± 4.6 µmol·g protein–1·min–1), and no change in the distribution (%) of fibre types. A smaller (p < 0.05) cross-sectional area (CSA) for both type I (–11.7%) and type IIA (–18.2%) fibres and a higher (p < 0.05) capillary count/CSA for type I (+17.9%) and type IIA (+17.2%) were also found over the season. No changes were found in peak oxygen consumption (51.4 ± 1.2 mL·kg–1·min–1 vs. 52.3 ± 1.3 mL·kg–1·min–1). The results suggest, based on the alterations in oxidative and perfusion potentials and muscle mass, that the dominant adaptations are in support of oxidative metabolism, which occurs at the expense of fibre CSA and possibly force-generating potential.

Muscle cellular properties in the ice hockey player: a model for investigating overtraining?

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Green ◽  
Aziz Batada ◽  
Bill Cole ◽  
Margaret E. Burnett ◽  
Helen Kollias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Wet Weight

In this study, we hypothesized that athletes involved in 5–6 months of sprint-type training would display higher levels of proteins and processes involved in muscle energy supply and utilization. Tissue was sampled from the vastus lateralis of 13 elite ice hockey players (peak oxygen consumption = 51.8 ± 1.3 mL·kg–1·min–1; mean ± standard error) at the end of a season (POST) and compared with samples from 8 controls (peak oxygen consumption = 45.5 ± 1.4 mL·kg–1·min–1) (CON). Compared with CON, higher activities were observed in POST (p < 0.05) only for succinic dehydrogenase (3.32 ± 0.16 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1 vs. 4.10 ± 0.11 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1) and hexokinase (0.73 ± 0.05 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1 vs. 0.90 ± 0.05mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1) but not for phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, and creatine phosphokinase. No differences were found in Na+,K+-ATPase concentration (βmax: 262 ± 36 pmol·(g wet weight)–1 vs. 275 ± 27 pmol·(g wet weight)–1) and the maximal activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (98.1 ± 6.1 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1 vs. 102 ± 3.3 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1). Cross-sectional area was lower (p < 0.05) in POST but only for the type IIA fibres (6312 ± 684 μm2 vs. 5512 ± 335 μm2), while the number of capillary counts per fibre and the capillary to fibre area ratio were generally higher (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that elite trained ice hockey players display elevations only in support of glucose-based aerobic metabolism that occur in the absence of alterations in excitation–contraction processes.

Na+–K+ ATPase concentration in different adult rat skeletal muscles is related to oxidative potential

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Chin ◽  
H. J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Type ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Wet Weight

To investigate the relationship among fibre type, oxidative potential, and Na+–K+ ATPase concentration in skeletal muscle, adult male Wistar rats weighing 259 ± 8 g [Formula: see text] were sacrificed and the soleus (SOL), extensor digitoram longus (EDL), red vastus lateralis (RV), and white vastus lateralis (WV) removed. These muscles were chosen as being representative of the two major fibre type populations: slow twitch (SOL) and fast twitch (EDL, RV, WV) and exhibiting either a high (SOL, EDL, RV) or low (WV) oxidative potential. Na+–K+ ATPase concentration (pmol∙g−1 wet weight), measured by the [3H]ouabain binding technique, differed (p < 0.01) only between the WV (238 ± 7.9) and the SOL (359 ± 9.6), EDL (365 ± 10), and RV (403 ± 12). Similarly, muscle oxidative potential as measured by the maximal activity of citrate synthase was different (p < 0.01) only between the WV and the other three muscles. Citrate synthase activity (μmol∙min−1∙g−1 wet weight) was 4.0 ± 0.7, 12.3 ± 0.9, 9.1 ± 0.7, and 11.3 ± 1.0 in the WV, SOL, EDL, and RV, respectively. These results indicate that Na+–K+ ATPase concentration is not related to the speed of contraction but to the oxidative potential of the muscle. Since chronic activity is a primary determinant of oxidative potential, it would be expected that increases in Na+–K+ ATPase would accompany increases in muscle utilization.Key words: Na+–K+ ATPase, citrate synthase, type I and type II fibres.

Endurance training, expression, and physiology of LDH, MCT1, and MCT4 in human skeletal muscle

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. E571-E579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Dubouchaud ◽  
Gail E. Butterfield ◽  
Eugene E. Wolfel ◽  
Bryan C. Bergman ◽  
George A. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Lactate Shuttle ◽  
Lactate Release ◽  
Before And After

To evaluate the effects of endurance training on the expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) in human vastus lateralis muscle, we compared the amounts of MCT1 and MCT4 in total muscle preparations (MU) and sarcolemma-enriched (SL) and mitochondria-enriched (MI) fractions before and after training. To determine if changes in muscle lactate release and oxidation were associated with training-induced changes in MCT expression, we correlated band densities in Western blots to lactate kinetics determined in vivo. Nine weeks of leg cycle endurance training [75% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] increased muscle citrate synthase activity (+75%, P < 0.05) and percentage of type I myosin heavy chain (+50%, P < 0.05); percentage of MU lactate dehydrogenase-5 (M4) isozyme decreased (−12%, P < 0.05). MCT1 was detected in SL and MI fractions, and MCT4 was localized to the SL. Muscle MCT1 contents were consistent among subjects both before and after training; in contrast, MCT4 contents showed large interindividual variations. MCT1 amounts significantly increased in MU, SL, and MI after training (+90%, +60%, and +78%, respectively), whereas SL but not MU MCT4 content increased after training (+47%, P < 0.05). Mitochondrial MCT1 content was negatively correlated to net leg lactate release at rest ( r = −0.85, P < 0.02). Sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents correlated positively to net leg lactate release at 5 min of exercise at 65%V˙o 2 peak ( r = 0.76, P < 0.03 and r = 0.86, P < 0.01, respectively). Results support the conclusions that 1) endurance training increases expression of MCT1 in muscle because of insertion of MCT1 into both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial membranes, 2) training has variable effects on sarcolemmal MCT4, and 3) both MCT1 and MCT4 participate in the cell-cell lactate shuttle, whereas MCT1 facilitates operation of the intracellular lactate shuttle.

Operation Everest II: adaptations in human skeletal muscle

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2454-2461 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Green ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
A. Cymerman ◽  
P. M. Young ◽  
C. S. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distribution Type

Adaptations in skeletal muscle in response to progressive hypobaria were investigated in eight male subjects [maximal O2 uptake = 51.2 +/- 3.0 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1] over 40 days of progressive decompression to the stimulated altitude of the summit of Mt. Everest. Samples of the vastus lateralis muscle extracted before decompression (SL-1), at 380 and 282 Torr, and on return to sea level (SL-2) indicated that maximal activities of enzymes representative of the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, glucose phosphorylation, and high-energy phosphate transfer were unchanged (P greater than 0.05) at 380 and 282 Torr over initial SL-1 values. After exposure to 282 Torr, however, representing an additional period of approximately 7 days, reductions (P less than 0.05) were noted in succinic dehydrogenase (21%), citrate synthetase (37%), and hexokinase (53%) between SL-2 and 380 Torr. No changes were found in the other enzymes. Capillarization as measured by the number of capillaries per cross-sectional area (CC/FA) was increased (P less than 0.05) in both type I (0.94 +/- 0.8 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.05) and type II (0.84 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.08) fibers between SL-1 and SL-2. This increase was mediated by a reduction in fiber area. No changes were found in fiber-type distribution (type I vs. type II). These findings do not support the hypothesis, at least in humans, that, at the level of the muscle cell, extreme hypobaric hypoxia elicits adaptations directed toward maximizing oxidative function.

In vitro human masseter muscle hypersensitivity: a possible explanation for increase in masseter tone

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1547-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Adnet ◽  
H. Reyford ◽  
B. M. Tavernier ◽  
T. Etchrivi ◽  
I. Krivosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximal Tension

To determine whether a difference in fiber-type caffeine and Ca2+ sensitivities exists between human masseter and vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, we compared the fiber-type caffeine sensitivities in chemically skinned muscle fibers from 13 masseter and 18 vastus lateralis muscles. Caffeine sensitivity was defined as the threshold concentration inducing > 10% of the maximal tension obtained after the fiber was loaded with a 1.6 x 10(-2) mM Ca2+ solution for 30 s. Significant difference in the mean caffeine sensitivity was found between type I masseter fibers [2.57 +/- 1.32 (SD) mM] vs. type I (6.02 +/- 1.74 mM) and type II vastus lateralis fibers (11.25 +/- 3.13 mM). Maximal Ca(2+)-activated force per cross-sectional area was significantly different between masseter and vastus lateralis fibers. However, the Ca2+ concentration corresponding to half-maximal tension (pCa50) was not significantly different between type I masseter (pCa50 5.9 +/- 0.02) and type I vastus lateralis muscle (pCa50 6.01 +/- 0.08). These results suggest that the increase in caffeine sensitivity of masseter muscle reflects the presence of a low reactivity threshold of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Regulation of fiber size, oxidative potential, and capillarization in human muscle by resistance exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. R591-R596 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Green ◽  
C. Goreham ◽  
J. Ouyang ◽  
M. Ball-Burnett ◽  
D. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Cross Sectional

To examine the hypothesis that increases in fiber cross-sectional area mediated by high-resistance training (HRT) would result in a decrease in fiber capillarization and oxidative potential, regardless of fiber type, we studied six untrained males (maximum oxygen consumption, 45.6 ± 2.3 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1; mean ± SE) participating in a 12-wk program designed to produce a progressive hypertrophy of the quadriceps muscle. The training sessions, which were conducted 3 times/wk, consisted of three sets of three exercises, each performed for 6–8 repetitions maximum (RM). Measurements of fiber-type distribution obtained from tissue extracted from the vastus lateralis at 0, 4, 7, and 12 wk indicated reductions ( P < 0.05) in type IIB fibers (15.1 ± 2.1% vs. 7.2 ± 1.3%) by 4 wk in the absence of changes in the other fiber types (types I, IIA, and IIAB). Training culminated in a 17% increase ( P < 0.05) in cross-sectional area by 12 wk with initial increases observed at 4 wk. The increase was independent of fiber type-specific changes. The number of capillaries in contact with each fiber type increased by 12 wk, whereas capillary contacts-to-fiber area ratios remained unchanged. In a defined cross-sectional field, HRT also increased the capillaries per fiber at 12 wk. Training failed to alter cellular oxidative potential, as measured by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, regardless of fiber type and training duration. It is concluded that modest hypertrophy induced by HRT does not compromise cellular tissue capillarization and oxidative potential regardless of fiber type.

Compensatory muscle fiber hypertrophy in elderly men

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aniansson ◽  
G. Grimby ◽  
M. Hedberg
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Elderly Men

Muscle strength and muscle morphology have been studied three times during a period of 11 yr in nine elderly men. On the last occasion the average age was 80.4 (range 79–82) yr. Body cell mass decreased by 6% and muscle strength for knee extension, measured by means of isometric and concentric isokinetic (30–60 degrees/s) recordings, declined by 25–35% over the 11-yr period. Between 76 and 80 yr of age only the isokinetic strength for 30 degrees/s decreased significantly. Muscle fiber composition in the vastus lateralis did not change between 69 and 76 yr of age, but there was a significant reduction in the proportion of type IIb fibers from 76 to 80 yr. The decrease in type II fiber areas was not significant between 69 and 76 yr of age (as in a larger sample from the same population), but a significant increase in both type I and type II fiber areas was recorded from 76 to 80 yr of age and biceps brachii showed similar tendencies. In the same period, the enzymatic activities of myokinase and lactate dehydrogenase subsided in the vastus lateralis, but there was no change for triose phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxy-CoA-dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. The muscle fiber hypertrophy in this group of elderly men with maintained physical activity between 76 and 80 yr of age is interpreted as a compensatory adaptation for the loss of motor units. In addition, the adaptation with respect to oxidative capacities seems to be maintained at this age.

Effect of short-term, high-intensity exercise training on human skeletal muscle citrate synthase maximal activity: single versus multiple bouts per session

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1391-1394
Author(s):  
Martin J. MacInnis ◽  
Lauren E. Skelly ◽  
F. Elizabeth Godkin ◽  
Brian J. Martin ◽  
Thomas R. Tripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Difference

The legs of 9 men (age 21 ± 2 years, 45 ± 4 mL/(kg·min)) were randomly assigned to complete 6 sessions of high-intensity exercise training, involving either one or four 5-min bouts of counterweighted, single-leg cycling. Needle biopsies from vastus lateralis revealed that citrate synthase maximal activity increased after training in the 4-bout group (p = 0.035) but not the 1-bout group (p = 0.10), with a significant difference between groups post-training (13%, p = 0.021). Novelty Short-term training using brief intense exercise requires multiple bouts per session to increase mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle.

Initial aerobic power does not alter muscle metabolic adaptations to short-term training

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (1) ◽  
pp. E39-E48 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Green ◽  
S. Grant ◽  
E. Bombardier ◽  
D. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Enzymatic Changes ◽  
Male Subjects

To investigate the hypothesis that training-induced increases in muscle mitochondrial potential are not obligatory to metabolic adaptations observed during submaximal exercise, regardless of peak aerobic power (V˙o 2 peak) of the subjects, a short-term training study was utilized. Two groups of untrained male subjects ( n = 7/group), one with a high (HI) and the other with a low (LO)V˙o 2 peak(means ± SE; 51.4 ± 0.90 vs. 41.0 ± 1.3 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1; P< 0.05), cycled for 2 h/day at 66–69% ofV˙o 2 peak for 6 days. Muscle tissue was extracted from vastus lateralis at 0, 3, and 30 min of standardized cycle exercise before training (0 days) and after 3 and 6 days of training and analyzed for metabolic and enzymatic changes. During exercise after 3 days of training in the combined HI + LO group, higher ( P < 0.05) concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt) of phosphocreatine (40.5 ± 3.4 vs. 52.2 ± 4.2) and lower ( P < 0.05) concentrations of Pi (61.5 ± 4.4 vs. 53.3 ± 4.4), inosine monophosphate (0.520 ± 0.19 vs. 0.151 ± 0.05), and lactate (37.9 ± 5.5 vs. 22.8 ± 4.8) were observed. These changes were also accompanied by reduced levels of calculated free ADP, AMP, and Pi. All adaptations were fully expressed by 3 min of exercise and by 3 days of training and were independent of initialV˙o 2 peak levels. Moreover, maximal activity of citrate synthase, a measure of mitochondrial capacity, was only increased with 6 days of training (5.71 ± 0.29 vs. 7.18 ± 0.37 mol ⋅ kg protein−1 ⋅ h−1; P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that metabolic adaptations to prolonged exercise occur within the first 3 days of training and during the non-steady-state period. Moreover, neither time course nor magnitude of metabolic adaptations appears to depend on increases in mitochondrial potential or on initial aerobic power.

Human and Rat Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Spinal Cord Injury

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Gregory ◽  
Krista Vandenborne ◽  
Michael J. Castro ◽  
G. Alton Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Cord Injury

Results of studies of rodent skeletal muscle plasticity are often extrapolated to humans. However, responses to "disuse" may be species specific, in part because of different inherent properties of anatomically similar muscles. Thus, this study quantified human and rat m. vastus lateralis (VL) fiber adaptations to 11 weeks of spinal cord injury (SCI). The m. VL was taken from 8 young (54 d) male Charles River rats after T-9 laminectomy (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 4). In addition, the m. VL was biopsied in 7 able-bodied and in 7 SCI humans (31.3 ± 4.7 years, mean ± SE). Samples were sectioned and fibers were analyzed for type (I, IIa, IIb/x), cross-sectional area (CSA), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), α-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (qATPase) activities. Rat fibers had 1.5- to 2-fold greater SDH and GPDH activities while their fibers were 60% the size of those in humans. The most striking differences, however, were the absence of slow fibers in the rat and its four-fold greater proportion of IIb/x fibers (80% vs. 16% of the CSA) compared to humans. SCI decreased SDH activity more in rats whereas atrophy and IIa to IIb/x fiber shift occurred to a greater extent in humans. It is suggested that the rat is a reasonable model for studying the predominant response to SCI, atrophy. However, its high proportion of IIb/x fibers limits evaluation of the mechanical consequences of shifting to "faster" contractile machinery after SCI. Key words: enzyme, fiber type, disuse, biopsy

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