scholarly journals Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Behm ◽  
Avery D. Faigenbaum ◽  
Baraket Falk ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Anthropometric Measures

Many position stands and review papers have refuted the myths associated with resistance training (RT) in children and adolescents. With proper training methods, RT for children and adolescents can be relatively safe and improve overall health. The objective of this position paper and review is to highlight research and provide recommendations in aspects of RT that have not been extensively reported in the pediatric literature. In addition to the well-documented increases in muscular strength and endurance, RT has been used to improve function in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy, as well as pediatric burn victims. Increases in children’s muscular strength have been attributed primarily to neurological adaptations due to the disproportionately higher increase in muscle strength than in muscle size. Although most studies using anthropometric measures have not shown significant muscle hypertrophy in children, more sensitive measures such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound have suggested hypertrophy may occur. There is no minimum age for RT for children. However, the training and instruction must be appropriate for children and adolescents, involving a proper warm-up, cool-down, and appropriate choice of exercises. It is recommended that low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise should be done 2–3 times/week on non-consecutive days, with 1–2 sets initially, progressing to 4 sets of 8–15 repetitions for 8–12 exercises. These exercises can include more advanced movements such as Olympic-style lifting, plyometrics, and balance training, which can enhance strength, power, co-ordination, and balance. However, specific guidelines for these more advanced techniques need to be established for youth. In conclusion, an RT program that is within a child’s or adolescent’s capacity and involves gradual progression under qualified instruction and supervision with appropriately sized equipment can involve more advanced or intense RT exercises, which can lead to functional (i.e., muscular strength, endurance, power, balance, and co-ordination) and health benefits.

scholarly journals Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training—Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Suchomel ◽  
John P. Wagle ◽  
Jamie Douglas ◽  
Christopher B. Taber ◽  
Mellissa Harden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Eccentric Training ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Production Characteristics

The purpose of this review was to provide a physiological rationale for the use of eccentric resistance training and to provide an overview of the most commonly prescribed eccentric training methods. Based on the existing literature, there is a strong physiological rationale for the incorporation of eccentric training into a training program for an individual seeking to maximize muscle size, strength, and power. Specific adaptations may include an increase in muscle cross-sectional area, force output, and fiber shortening velocities, all of which have the potential to benefit power production characteristics. Tempo eccentric training, flywheel inertial training, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training are commonly implemented in applied contexts. These methods tend to involve different force absorption characteristics and thus, overload the muscle or musculotendinous unit in different ways during lengthening actions. For this reason, they may produce different magnitudes of improvement in hypertrophy, strength, and power. The constraints to which they are implemented can have a marked effect on the characteristics of force absorption and therefore, could affect the nature of the adaptive response. However, the versatility of the constraints when prescribing these methods mean that they can be effectively implemented to induce these adaptations within a variety of populations.

Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in adolescents with obesity: the HEARTY trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela S. Alberga ◽  
Denis Prud’homme ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Gary S. Goldfield ◽  
Stasia Hadjiyannakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Combined Training

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in postpubertal adolescents with obesity. After a 4-week supervised moderate-intensity exercise run-in, 304 adolescents aged 14–18 years with body mass index ≥85th percentile were randomized to 4 groups for 22 weeks of aerobic training, resistance training, combined training, or a nonexercising control. All participants received dietary counselling with a maximum daily energy deficit of 250 kcal. Cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption) was measured by indirect calorimetry using a graded treadmill exercise test. Musculoskeletal fitness was measured using the 2003 Canadian Physical Activity Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal tests (hand grip, push-ups, partial curl-ups, sit and reach, and vertical jump). Muscular strength was assessed using an 8-repetition maximum test on the bench press, seated row, and leg press machines. A greater increase in peak oxygen consumption in the aerobic exercise group (30.6 ± 0.6 to 33.4 ± 0.7 mLO2/kg/min) was measured relative to the control group (30.6 ± 0.5 to 30.9 ± 0.7 mLO2/kg/min) (p = 0.002). Similarly, the number of partial curl-ups increased in the aerobic group (19 ± 1 to 23 ± 1) while no differences were measured in the control group (19 ± 1 to 20 ± 1) (p = 0.015). Increases in muscular strength and number of push-ups were greatest in the resistance group versus the control and combined groups versus the aerobic group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, aerobic training had the strongest effect on cardiorespiratory fitness, while resistance and combined training improved both muscular strength and endurance more than control and aerobic training alone, respectively, in adolescents with obesity.

scholarly journals Similar Muscular Adaptations in Resistance Training Performed Two Versus Three Days Per Week

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Lasevicius ◽  
Brad Jon Schoenfeld ◽  
Jozo Grgic ◽  
Gilberto Laurentino ◽  
Lucas Duarte Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Muscular Adaptations ◽  
Muscle Groups

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to compare changes in muscle strength and hypertrophy between volume-equated resistance training (RT) performed 2 versus 3 times per week in trained men. Thirty-six resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups: a split-body training routine (SPLIT) with muscle groups trained twice per week (n = 18) over four weekly sessions, or a total-body routine (TOTAL), with muscle groups being trained three times per week (n = 18) over three weekly sessions. The training intervention lasted 10 weeks. Testing was carried out pre- and post-study to assess maximal muscular strength in the back squat and bench press, and hypertrophic adaptations were assessed by measuring muscle thickness of the elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and quadriceps femoris. Twenty-eight subjects completed the study. Significant pre-to-post intervention increases in upper and lower-body muscular strength occurred in both groups with no significant between-group differences. Furthermore, significant pre-to-post intervention increases in muscle size of the elbow extensors and quadriceps femoris occurred in both groups with no significant between-group differences. No significant pre-to-post changes were observed for the muscle size of elbow flexors both in the SPLIT or TOTAL group. In conclusion, a training frequency of 2 versus 3 days per week produces similar increases in muscular adaptations in trained men over a 10-week training period. Nonetheless, effect size differences favored SPLIT for all hypertrophy measures, indicating a potential benefit for training two versus three days a week when the goal is to maximize gains in muscle mass.

scholarly journals Resistance training & beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on hormones

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Arazi ◽  
Hadi Rohani ◽  
Ahmad Ghiasi ◽  
Nasrin Abdi Keikanloo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Strength Gain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After

RESUMO Introduction: In recent years, there was an increased interest on the effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on skeletal muscle due to its anti-catabolic effects. Objectives: To investigate the effect of HMB supplementation on body composition, muscular strength and anabolic-catabolic hormones after resistance training. Methods: Twenty amateur male athletes were randomly assigned to supplement and control groups in a double-blind crossover design and participated in four weeks resistance training. Before and after the test period fasting blood samples were obtained to determine anabolic (the growth hormone and testosterone) and catabolic (cortisol) hormones, and fat mass, lean body mass (LBM) and muscular strength were measured. Dependent and independent t-tests were used to analyze data. Results: After the training period, there were no significant differen-ces between the groups with respect to fat mass, LBM and anabolic-catabolic hormones. HMB supplementation resulted in a significantly greater strength gain (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Greater increase in strength for HMB group was not accompanied by body composition and basal circulating anabolic-catabolic hormonal changes. It seems that HMB supplementation may have beneficial effects on neurological adaptations of strength gain.

Effects of Resistance, Balance, and Gait Training on Reduction of Risk Factors Leading to Falls in Elders

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah F. Verfaillie ◽  
Jeanne F. Nichols ◽  
Ellen Turkel ◽  
Melbourne F. Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Relaxation Training ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Injury Control

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training alone or in combination with balance and gait training on balance and gait measures in seniors. Subjects, ranging in age from 65 to 83 years, were randomly assigned to a strength and balance/gait group (SB, n = 21 ) or a control group (S, n = 18) receiving strength and relaxation training. Both groups significantly increased their strength and gait speed over the 12-week training period, but step length remained unchanged. The results suggest that elders can make significant gains in muscular strength and walking speed through resistance training, and that adding balance and gait training to resistance training can significantly improve some balance and gait measures beyond improvements achieved from strength training alone. If replicated, these results set the stage for investigations of injury control benefits possible from balance training.

The Hatfield-system versus the weekly undulating periodised resistance training in trained males

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Antretter ◽  
Sebastian Färber ◽  
Lorenz Immler ◽  
Matthias Perktold ◽  
Doris Posch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
System Model ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Strength Testing ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
System Versus ◽  
Varied Intensity ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to compare training adaptations attained during six weeks of using the Hatfield-system and six weeks of the weekly undulating periodisation strength training. Twenty-six recreationally strength trained men were randomly assigned to either a Hatfield-system group ( n = 13; age = 26.8 ± 7.2 years) or a weekly undulating periodisation group ( n = 13; age = 29.2 ± 9.0 years). Anthropometric measures and strength testing were performed before (PRE) and after six weeks (POST) of training. To subjectively quantify the individual’s perception of the physical demands of the intensity of resistance training, a category-ratio scale (CR10) was used by the subjects after each training session. The participants of both groups trained twice a week for six weeks. The Hatfield-system and weekly undulating periodisation programmes used the same exercises, the same total training volume and the same total intensity in these six weeks. The difference between the two programmes was in the distribution within each training phase. The Hatfield-system and weekly undulating periodisation groups trained using a periodised strength programme with all programme variables controlled (e.g. volume and intensity). The Hatfield-system group used a linear not varying intensity, whereas the weekly undulating periodisation group had a varied intensity. The results show that both the Hatfield-system and weekly undulating periodisation groups made significant ( p ≤ 0.05) increases in strength and power. The results of this study indicate that the Hatfield-system model is no more effective than the weekly undulating periodisation model for increasing strength, power and muscle size.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document