Multigenerational genomic responses to dietary phosphorus and temperature in Daphnia

Genome ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Jalal ◽  
Nita K. Shala ◽  
Marcin W. Wojewodzic ◽  
Tom Andersen ◽  
Dag O. Hessen
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Apparent Reduction ◽  
C Value ◽  
Species Specific

Temperature and nutrient availability are both hypothesized to affect organisms at the cellular and genomic levels. In this multigenerational study, Daphnia magna (D. magna) and Daphnia pulex (D. pulex) were maintained at high (20 °C) and low (10 °C) temperatures and nourished with phosphorus (P)-sufficient (50 μmol/L) and P-deficient (2 μmol/L) algae for up to 35 generations to assess the multigenerational impacts on genome size and nucleus size. Analysis by flow cytometry revealed significant increases in nucleus size for both species as well as genome size for D. magna in response to a low temperature. The degree of endoreplication, measured as cycle value, was species specific and responded to temperature and dietary composition. Under dietary P deficiency, D. magna, but not D. pulex, showed an apparent reduction in haploid genome size (C-value). These genomic responses are unlikely to reflect differences in nucleotide numbers, but rather structural changes affecting fluorochrome binding. While the ultimate and proximate causes of these responses are unknown, they suggest an intriguing potential for genomic responses that merits further research.

scholarly journals Larger Daphnia at lower temperature: a role for cell size and genome configuration?

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Jalal ◽  
Marcin W. Wojewodzic ◽  
Carl Morten M. Laane ◽  
Dag O. Hessen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Daphnia Pulex ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Size Estimates

Experiments with Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex raised at 10 and 20 °C yielded larger adult size at the lower temperature. This must reflect increased cell size, increased cell numbers, or a combination of both. As it is difficult to achieve good estimates on cell size in crustaceans, we, therefore, measured nucleus and genome size using flow cytometry at 10 and 20 °C. DNA was stained with propidium iodide, ethidium bromide, and DAPI. Both nucleus and genome size estimates were elevated at 10 °C compared with 20 °C, suggesting that larger body size at low temperature could partly be accredited to an enlarged nucleus and thus cell size. Confocal microscopy observations confirmed the staining properties of fluorochromes. As differences in nucleotide numbers in response of growth temperature within a life span is unlikely, these results seem accredited to changed DNA–fluorochrome binding properties, presumably reflecting increased DNA condensation at low temperature. This implies that genome size comparisons may be impacted by ambient temperature in ectotherms. It also suggests that temperature-induced structural changes in the genome could affect cell size and for some species even body size.

scholarly journals The DNA content of trophozoites and cysts of Giardia lamblia by microdensitometric quantitation of Feulgen staining and examination by laser scanning confocal microscopy.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Erlandsen ◽  
E M Rasch
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
C Value

We investigated direct measurement of the DNA content of the parasitic intestinal flagellate Giardia lamblia through quantitation by Feulgen microspectrophotometry and also by visualization of Feulgen-stained DNA chromosomes within dividing cells by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Individual trophozoites of Giardia (binucleate) contained 0.144 +/- 0.018 pg of DNA/cell or 0.072 pg DNA/nucleus. Giardia lamblia cysts (quadranucleate) contained 0.313 +/- 0.003 pg DNA or 0.078 pg DNA/nucleus. The genome size (C) value per nucleus ranged between 6.5-7.1 x 10(7) BP for trophozoites and cysts, respectively. Confocal microscopic examination of Giardia trophozoites undergoing binary fission revealed five chromosome-like bodies within each nucleus. Further information about genome size and DNA content within different Giardia species may help to clarify the pivotal role of these primitive eukaryotic cells in evolutionary development.

scholarly journals Transcriptome and Genome Size Analysis of the Venus Flytrap

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e0123887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Krogh Jensen ◽  
Josef Korbinian Vogt ◽  
Simon Bressendorff ◽  
Andaine Seguin-Orlando ◽  
Morten Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Venus Flytrap

scholarly journals Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Itgen ◽  
Dustin S Siegel ◽  
Stanley K Sessions ◽  
Rachel Lockridge Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Organ Specific

Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through its effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested the effects of genome size and body size evolution on heart and liver morphology using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29.3-67 Gb). Our results show that whole organ size is determined by body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and more empty space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness are likely negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on key metabolic organ performance. Overall, this study reveals the effects of large genome and cell size on the developmental systems producing the heart and liver.

scholarly journals More Bone with Less Minerals? The Effects of Dietary Phosphorus on the Post-Cranial Skeleton in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5429
Author(s):  
Silvia Cotti ◽  
Ann Huysseune ◽  
Wolfgang Koppe ◽  
Martin Rücklin ◽  
Federica Marone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
P Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complementary Techniques

Dietary phosphorus (P) is essential for bone mineralisation in vertebrates. P deficiency can cause growth retardation, osteomalacia and bone deformities, both in teleosts and in mammals. Conversely, excess P supply can trigger soft tissue calcification and bone hypermineralisation. This study uses a wide range of complementary techniques (X-rays, histology, TEM, synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy, nanoindentation) to describe in detail the effects of dietary P on the zebrafish skeleton, after two months of administering three different diets: 0.5% (low P, LP), 1.0% (regular P, RP), and 1.5% (high P, HP) total P content. LP zebrafish display growth retardation and hypomineralised bones, albeit without deformities. LP zebrafish increase production of non-mineralised bone matrix, and osteoblasts have enlarged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, indicative for increased collagen synthesis. The HP diet promotes growth, high mineralisation, and stiffness but causes vertebral centra fusions. Structure and arrangement of bone matrix collagen fibres are not influenced by dietary P in all three groups. In conclusion, low dietary P content stimulates the formation of non-mineralised bone without inducing malformations. This indicates that bone formation and mineralisation are uncoupled. In contrast, high dietary P content promotes mineralisation and vertebral body fusions. This new zebrafish model is a useful tool to understand the mechanisms underlying osteomalacia and abnormal mineralisation, due to underlying variations in dietary P levels.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE BY THE MECHANISM OF GENOME SIZE EVOLUTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (30) ◽  
pp. 3563-3580 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIRSON JIAN LI ◽  
SHENGLI ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Living System ◽  
Protein Length ◽  
Genome Size Evolution ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
C Value ◽  
Stable Characteristic ◽  
Main Component

We find that the global relationships among species should be of circular phylogeny, which is quite different from common sense based on phylogenetic trees. A domain can be defined by a distinct phylogenetic circle, which is a global and stable characteristic of the living system. The mechanism in genome size evolution has been clarified; hence the main component questions on C-value enigma can be explained. We find the intrinsic relationship between genome size evolution and protein length evolution; that is the genome size and non-coding DNA ratio can be calculated based on protein length distributions.

scholarly journals Variation in DNA C‐value and haploid genome size in New Zealand native grasses

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Murray ◽  
I. E. Weir ◽  
A. R. Ferguson ◽  
P. J. De Lange
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Haploid Genome ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
C Value ◽  
Haploid Genome Size

scholarly journals From Pixels to Picograms

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hardie ◽  
T. Ryan Gregory ◽  
Paul D.N. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Genome Size Variation ◽  
Cell Staining ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
C Value ◽  
Size Data

The study of genome size variation is important from a number of practical and theoretical perspectives. For example, the long-standing “C-value enigma” relating to the more than 200,000-fold range in eukaryotic genome sizes is best studied from a broad comparative standpoint. Genome size data are also required in detailed analyses of genome structure and evolution. The choice of future genome sequencing projects will be dependent on knowledge regarding the sizes of genomes to be sequenced, and so on. To date, genome size data have been acquired primarily by Feulgen microdensitometry or flow cytometry. Each has several advantages but also important limitations. In this review, we provide a practical guide to the new technique of Feulgen image analysis densitometry. The review is designed for those interested in genome size measurements but not extensively experienced in histochemistry, densitometry, or microscopy. Therefore, relevant historical and technical background information is included. For easy reference, we provide recipes for required reagents, guidelines for cell staining, and a checklist of steps for successful image analysis. We hope that the accuracy, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness of Feulgen image analysis demonstrated here will stimulate further surveys of genome sizes in a variety of taxa.

First karyotype, DNA C-value and AT/GC base composition of macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata, Arecaceae) - a promising plant for biodiesel production

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Santiago Abreu ◽  
Carlos Roberto Carvalho ◽  
Guilherme Mendes Almeida Carvalho ◽  
Sérgio Yoshimitsu Motoike
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
C Value ◽  
Acrocomia Aculeata ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Diversity Studies

The oleaginous species Acrocomia aculeata produces high-quality oil and is considered a potential plant for sustainable production of food and biodiesel. In spite of its economical, social and environmental importance, few data concerning the genome size and chromosomal characterisation of this crop have been reported. In order to contribute to basic genetic knowledge on A. aculeata, this work aimed to assemble the first karyogram and to determine genome size and base composition of this species. Concerning the cytogenetic approach, we developed a protocol based on root tips treatment with an anti-mitotic agent, followed by enzymatic maceration and slide preparation by the air-drying technique. This method provided well resolved metaphasic chromosomes, which are important for an accurate and informative cytogenetical characterisation. A chromosome number of 2n = 30 was observed. Content of 2C DNA and base composition were estimated by flow cytometry of G0/G1 nuclei stained with propidium iodide and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, respectively. The mean 2C-value and base composition corresponded to 2C = 5.81 pg and AT = 58.3%. These new data support basic genetic knowledge on A. aculeata, relevant for its conservation, diversity studies and consequent development of breeding programs, which may foment the biofuel production in the world.

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