Two esterases from the genus Spodoptera degrade sex pheromones and plant volatiles

Genome ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng He ◽  
Zhao-Qun Li ◽  
Cheng-Cheng Liu ◽  
Shi-Jing Liu ◽  
Shuang-Lin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
High Five Cells ◽  
First Time ◽  
Common Plant

In moths, high temporal sensitivity in perception of sex pheromones and host plant volatiles suggests the existence of mechanisms acting to maintain antennal sensitivity. The antennal enzymes have been long hypothesized to play a central role in the mechanisms, by rapid metabolism of the odorants soon after the fulfillment of the sensillum receptor activation. In the present study, two putative homologous esterases, SexiCXE13 and SlituCXE13, were cloned by RT–PCR and RACE procedures from Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera litura, respectively. The phylogenetic tree assigned the two genes into the same group with two previously identified male antennal-specific pheromone-degrading enzymes. SexiCXE13 and SlituCXE13 were expressed in High Five cells, and the enzymatic characteristics and substrate specificity were investigated using the purified recombinant enzymes. Both esterases showed high activity to a variety of acetate substrates, including the sex pheromones, their analogs, and some common plant odorants. Our study, for the first time, provides direct biochemical and molecular evidence that the ubiquitously expressed enzyme has the ability to degrade sex pheromones and plant volatiles, and thus this adds new knowledge to the mechanism underlying the sensitivity of moth olfaction.

scholarly journals Phylogenomic Evidence of Reinfection and Persistence of SARS-CoV-2: First Report from Colombia

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Juan David Ramírez ◽  
Marina Muñoz ◽  
Nathalia Ballesteros ◽  
Luz H. Patiño ◽  
Sergio Castañeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Persistence ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
First Time ◽  
Oxford Nanopore Technologies

The continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of novel variants have raised concerns about possible reinfection events and potential changes in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission dynamics. Utilizing Oxford Nanopore technologies, we sequenced paired samples of three patients with positive RT-PCR results in a 1–2-month window period, and subsequent phylogenetics and genetic polymorphism analysis of these genomes was performed. Herein, we report, for the first time, genomic evidence of one case of reinfection in Colombia, exhibiting different SARS-CoV-2 lineage classifications between samples (B.1 and B.1.1.269). Furthermore, we report two cases of possible viral persistence, highlighting the importance of deepening our understanding on the evolutionary intra-host traits of this virus throughout different timeframes of disease progression. These results emphasize the relevance of genomic surveillance as a tool for understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics, and how this may translate effectively to future control and mitigations efforts, such as the national vaccination program.

scholarly journals P2X2 receptors differentiate placodal vs. neural crest C-fiber phenotypes innervating guinea pig lungs and esophagus

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (5) ◽  
pp. L858-L865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kwong ◽  
Marian Kollarik ◽  
Christina Nassenstein ◽  
Fei Ru ◽  
Bradley J. Undem
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

The lungs and esophagus are innervated by sensory neurons with somata in the nodose, jugular, and dorsal root ganglion. These sensory ganglia are derived from embryonic placode (nodose) and neural crest tissues (jugular and dorsal root ganglia; DRG). We addressed the hypothesis that the neuron's embryonic origin (e.g., placode vs. neural crest) plays a greater role in determining particular aspects of its phenotype than the environment in which it innervates (e.g., lungs vs. esophagus). This hypothesis was tested using a combination of extracellular and patch-clamp electrophysiology and single-cell RT-PCR from guinea pig neurons. Nodose, but not jugular C-fibers innervating the lungs and esophagus, responded to α,β-methylene ATP with action potential discharge that was sensitive to the P2X3 (P2X2/3) selective receptor antagonist A-317491. The somata of lung- and esophagus-specific sensory fibers were identified using retrograde tracing with a fluorescent dye. Esophageal- and lung-traced neurons from placodal tissue (nodose neurons) responded similarly to α,β-methylene ATP (30 μM) with a large sustained inward current, whereas in neurons derived from neural crest tissue (jugular and DRG neurons), the same dose of α,β-methylene ATP resulted in only a transient rapidly inactivating current or no detectable current. It has been shown previously that only activation of P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors produce sustained currents, whereas homomeric P2X3 receptor activation produces a rapidly inactivating current. Consistent with this, single-cell RT-PCR analysis revealed that the nodose ganglion neurons innervating the lungs and esophagus expressed mRNA for P2X2 and P2X3 subunits, whereas the vast majority of jugular and dorsal root ganglia innervating these tissues expressed only P2X3 mRNA with little to no P2X2 mRNA expression. We conclude that the responsiveness of C-fibers innervating the lungs and esophagus to ATP and other purinergic agonists is determined more by their embryonic origin than by the environment of the tissue they ultimately innervate.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (16) ◽  
pp. 3422-3425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. SINGH ◽  
M. CHHABRA ◽  
P. SHARMA ◽  
R. JAISWAL ◽  
G. SINGH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Western India ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Cchf Virus ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
First Time

SUMMARYCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging zoonotic disease in India which is prevalent in neighbouring countries. CCHF virus (CCHFV) is a widespread tick-borne virus which is endemic in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In the present study, samples of clinically suspected human cases from different areas of northern-western India were tested for the presence of CCHFV by RT–PCR through amplification of nucleocapsid (N) gene of CCHFV. Positive samples were sequenced to reveal the prevailing CCHFV genotype(s) and phylogenetic relatedness. A phylogenetic tree revealed the emergence of diverse strains in the study region showing maximum identity with the Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran strains, which was different from earlier reported Indian strains. Our findings reveal for the first time the emergence of the Asia 1 group in India; while earlier reported CCHFV strains belong to the Asia 2 group.

Enzyme system of Clostridium stercorarium for hydrolysis of arabinoxylan: reconstitution of the in vivo system from recombinant enzymes

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 2257-2266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmuth Adelsberger ◽  
Christian Hertel ◽  
Erich Glawischnig ◽  
Vladimir V. Zverlov ◽  
Wolfgang H. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Thermophilic Bacterium ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Type Mode ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Four extracellular enzymes of the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium stercorarium are involved in the depolymerization of de-esterified arabinoxylan: Xyn11A, Xyn10C, Bxl3B, and Arf51B. They were identified in a collection of eight clones producing enzymes hydrolysing xylan (xynA, xynB, xynC), β-xyloside (bxlA, bxlB, bglZ) and α-arabinofuranoside (arfA, arfB). The modular enzymes Xyn11A and Xyn10C represent the major xylanases in the culture supernatant of C. stercorarium. Both hydrolyse arabinoxylan in an endo-type mode, but differ in the pattern of the oligosaccharides produced. Of the glycosidases, Bxl3B degrades xylobiose and xylooligosaccharides to xylose, and Arf51B is able to release arabinose residues from de-esterified arabinoxylan and from the oligosaccharides generated. The other glycosidases either did not attack or only marginally attacked these oligosaccharides. Significantly more xylanase and xylosidase activity was produced during growth on xylose and xylan. This is believed to be the first time that, in a single thermophilic micro-organism, the complete set of enzymes (as well as the respective genes) to completely hydrolyse de-esterified arabinoxylan to its monomeric sugar constituents, xylose and arabinose, has been identified and the enzymes produced in vivo. The active enzyme system was reconstituted in vitro from recombinant enzymes.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Group A Rotavirus Genotypes in Moscow (2019–2020)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Anton Yuzhakov ◽  
Ksenia Yuzhakova ◽  
Nadezhda Kulikova ◽  
Lidia Kisteneva ◽  
Stanislav Cherepushkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Clinical Hospital ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Group A ◽  
First Time ◽  
Common Combination ◽  
Children Under 5

Group A rotavirus (RVA) infection is the leading cause of hospitalization of children under 5 years old, presenting with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. The aim of our study was to explore the genetic diversity of RVA among patients admitted to Moscow Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital No. 1 with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. A total of 653 samples were collected from May 2019 through March 2020. Out of them, 135 (20.67%) fecal samples were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. RT-PCR detected rotavirus RNA in 80 samples. Seven G-genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12) and three P-genotypes (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) formed 9 different combinations. The most common combination was G9P[8]. However, for the first time in Moscow, the combination G3P[8] took second place. Moreover, all detected viruses of this combination belonged to Equine-like G3P[8] viruses that had never been detected in Russia before. The genotype G8P[8] and G9P[4] rotaviruses were also detected in Moscow for the first time. Among the studied rotaviruses, there were equal proportions of Wa and DS-1-like strains; previous studies showed that Wa-like strains accounted for the largest proportion of rotaviruses in Russia.

scholarly journals Expression of Heterologous Cellulases inThermotogasp. Strain RQ2

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Xu ◽  
Dongmei Han ◽  
Zhaohui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Caldicellulosiruptor Saccharolyticus ◽  
Shuttle Vectors ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chimeric Enzymes ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Culture Supernatants

The ability ofThermotogaspp. to degrade cellulose is limited due to a lack of exoglucanases. To address this deficiency, cellulase genes Csac_1076 (celA) and Csac_1078 (celB) fromCaldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticuswere cloned intoT.sp. strain RQ2 for heterologous overexpression. Coding regions of Csac_1076 and Csac_1078 were fused to the signal peptide of TM1840 (amyA) and TM0070 (xynB), resulting in three chimeric enzymes, namely, TM1840-Csac_1078, TM0070-Csac_1078, and TM0070-Csac_1076, which were carried byThermotoga-E. colishuttle vectors pHX02, pHX04, and pHX07, respectively. All three recombinant enzymes were successfully expressed inE. coliDH5αandT.sp. strain RQ2, rendering the hosts with increased endo- and/or exoglucanase activities. InE. coli, the recombinant enzymes were mainly bound to the bacterial cells, whereas inT.sp. strain RQ2, about half of the enzyme activities were observed in the culture supernatants. However, the cellulase activities were lost inT.sp. strain RQ2 after three consecutive transfers. Nevertheless, this is the first time heterologous genes bigger than 1 kb (up to 5.3 kb in this study) have ever been expressed inThermotoga, demonstrating the feasibility of using engineeredThermotogaspp. for efficient cellulose utilization.

scholarly journals Bovine ephemeral fever epidemics in Kingdom Saudi Arabia: clinical, epidemiological and molecular investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 854-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Zaghawa ◽  
Fadhel Housawi ◽  
Abdulmohsen Al-Naeem ◽  
Ahmed Elsify ◽  
Yamen Mohammed Hegazy
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Bovine Ephemeral Fever ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod borne Rhabdovirus affects cattle and water buffalo causes acute febrile disease. Methodology: The clinical picture and epidemiological pattern of BEF were described among cattle in epidemics of 2007, 2009 and 2011 in four geographical regions of Kingdom Saudi Arabia (Eastern, Jizan, Qasim, and Riyadh). Serum samples were tested using VNT. Virus isolation and molecular characterization were carried out for the first time in KSA. Results: The main clinical symptoms were fever, stiffness, lameness, salivation and subcutaneous emphysema. The prevalence and the mortality rate of BEF have decreased from 70% and 4.6% in 2007 to 30% and 0.6% in 2011, respectively in the 4 studied areas. There was no region association with higher prevalence of BEF. The intracluster correlation (ICC) was estimated for the first time in KSA as 0.0034. BEFV had been isolated from 11 out of 20 samples (55%) and isolation was confirmed by VNT. The molecular detection of BEFV by RT-PCR and real- time RT-qPCR were found more sensitive for diagnosis of the disease than virus isolation; 80% and 90% for the former tests and 55% for the latter. Three isolates were sequenced, they showed 84.7% - 100% identities in between and shared 90.4%-96.5% sequence identity with a previously published sequence from Australia (KF679404). The generated sequences belonged to 3rd cluster of BEFV glycoprotein. Conclusions: BEF occurrence has cyclic nature and the efficacy of vaccines prepared from local strains has to be evaluated and considered in diseases control.

scholarly journals Four new corticioid species in Trechisporales (Basidiomycota) from East Asia and notes on phylogeny of the order

MycoKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Shi-Liang Liu ◽  
Hai-Xia Ma ◽  
Shuang-Hui He ◽  
Yu-Cheng Dai
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Family Level ◽  
First Time

Four new species in Trechisporales from East Asia, Dextrinocystiscalamicola, Subulicystidiumacerosum, S.tropicum and Tubuliciumbambusicola, are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular evidence. The phylogeny of Trechisporales was inferred from a combined dataset of ITS-nrLSU sequences. In the phylogenetic tree, Sistotremastrum formed a family-level clade of its own, sister to the Hydnodontaceae clade formed by all other genera. Dextrinocystis, is for the first time, confirmed as a member of Hydnodontaceae. A key to all the accepted genera in Trechisporales is given.

The synergistic attractiveness effect of plant volatiles to sex pheromones in a moth

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 380-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulei Fang ◽  
Rui Zeng ◽  
Shufang Lu ◽  
Luyao Dai ◽  
Xinlong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Sex Pheromones

scholarly journals Placental markers of folate-related metabolism in preeclampsia

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Mislanova ◽  
O Martsenyuk ◽  
B Huppertz ◽  
M Obolenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Tight Association ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Related Compounds

The etiology and degree of clinical symptoms of preeclampsia depend on genotypic and phenotypic maternal and trophoblast factors, and elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) are one of the pathogenetic factors of preeclampsia. To assess the impact of the folate-related metabolism, we characterized the indices of this metabolism in 40 samples from uncomplicated term placentas and 28 samples from preeclamptic pregnancies by quantifying the total content of folate, methionine (Met), Hcy and related cysteine, and glutathione (GSH) in compliance with the 677 C/T genotype of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The prevalence ofMTHFRgenotypes was not significantly different between the two groups. The polymorphism ofMTHFRwas not unambiguously connected with the content of total placental Met, Hcy and related cysteine, and GSH either in uncomplicated or in complicated pregnancies. By contrast, the combination of the heterozygousMTHFRgenotype with folate deficiency in the samples from preeclamptic pregnancies was characterized by a statistically significant decrease in the Met content, a trend toward increased Hcy levels and a tight association between metabolically directly and indirectly related compounds, e.g. positive relation between Hcy versus cysteine and folate versus GSH and negative relation between folate versus Hcy and both Hcy and cysteine versus GSH. We demonstrated the expression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in human placenta at term by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, for the first time, and confirmed its catalytic activity and the accumulation of cysteine and CBS in placental explants cultivated in the presence of elevated Hcy concentrations. We suggest that disturbance in placental folate-related metabolism may be one of the pathogenetic factors in preeclampsia.

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