Production and identification of primary trisomics in diploid Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass)

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus Imanywoha ◽  
Kevin B. Jensen ◽  
David Hole
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Pollen Stainability ◽  
Imaging Analysis ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Primary Trisomics ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Analysis System

Six of the seven possible primary trisomics in Agropyron cristatum were produced. Based on morphology, arm length ratios, and C-banding patterns, they were identified as primary trisomics for chromosomes A, B, C, D, E, and G. Agropyron cristatum is one of several species constituting the crested wheatgrass complex. All species in this complex contain one basic genome (P). A study was conducted to produce and identify a primary trisomic series that will be used to map genes to individual chromosomes. A population of 157 plants were generated by crossing autotriploids (PPP) with diploid (PP) A. cristatum: 58 were diploid (2n = 14), 76 were primary trisomies (2n = 15), 17 were double trisomic (2n = 16), 4 were triple trisomics (2n = 14 + 3), 1 was telocentric trisomic (2n = 14 + 1 telo), and 1 was tetratrisomic (2n = 14 + 4). Karyotype analysis of acetoorcein-stained chromosomes was carried out using the CHROMPAC III computer program; for analysis of C-banded karyotypes, the computer imaging analysis program PCAS (Plant Chromosome Analysis System) was used to identify the primary trisomics. Of the 47 primary trisomics analyzed, 21 plants had one extra satellited chromosome E, 18 with the satellited D chromosome, 3 each for chromosomes B and G, and 1 each for chromosomes C and A. Chromosome pairing was studied in trisomies B, D, E, and G. Trisomics for chromosomes B and G were similar in their mieotic behavior. Each had a trivalent frequency of about 60% and pollen stainability of less than 40%. Trisomics for chromosomes D and E had a trivalent frequency of about 30% and pollen stainability of over 70%.Key words: trisomics, meiosis, hybridization, Agropyron cristatum, C-banding, karyotype.

Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. VI. Production and identification of primary trisomics using the C-banding technique

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Friebe ◽  
N.-S. Kim ◽  
J. Kuspira ◽  
B. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Primary Trisomics ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Regions ◽  
C Banding ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Chromosome 5A ◽  
Triple Dose

Cytogenetic studies in Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14) are nonexistent. To initiate such investigations in this species, a series of primary trisomics was generated from autotriploids derived from crosses between induced autotetraploids and diploids. All trisomics differed phenotypically from their diploid progenitors. Only two of the seven possible primary trisomic types produced distinct morphological features on the basis of which they could be distinguished. The chromosomes in the karyotype were morphologically very similar and could not be unequivocally identified using standard techniques. Therefore, C-banding was used to identify the chromosomes and trisomics of this species. Ag–NOR staining and in situ hybridization, using rDNA probes, were used to substantiate these identifications. A comparison of the C-banding patterns of the chromosomes of T. monococcum with those of the A genome in Triticum aestivum permitted identification of five of its chromosomes, viz., 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, and 7A. The two remaining chromosomes possessed C-banding patterns that were not equivalent to those of any of the chromosomes in the A genome of the polyploid wheats. When one of these undesignated chromosomes from T. monococcum var. boeoticum was substituted for chromosome 4A of Triticum turgidum, it compensated well phenotypically and therefore genetically for the loss of this chromosome in the recipient species. Because this T. monococcum chromosome appeared to be homoeologous to the group 4 chromosomes of polyploid wheats, it was designated 4A. By the process of elimination the second undesignated chromosome in T. monococcum must be 6A. Analysis of the trisomics obtained led to the following conclusions. (i) Trisomics for chromosome 3A were not found among the trisomic lines analyzed cytologically. (ii) Primary trisomics for chromosomes 2A, 4A, 6A, and 7A were positively identified. (iii) Trisomics for the SAT chromosomes 1A and 5A were positively identified in some cases and not in others because of polymorphism in the telomeric C-band of the short arm of chromosome 1A. (iv) Trisomics for chromosome 7A were identified on the basis of their distinct phenotype, viz., the small narrow heads and small narrow leaves. Because rRNA hybridizes lightly to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosome 1A and heavily to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosome 5A, our results indicate that trisomics in line 50 carry chromosome 1A in triple dose and trisomics in lines 28 and 51 carry chromosome 5A in triplicate. Variable hybridization of the rDNA probe to nucleolus organizer regions on chromosomes in triple dose in lines 7, 20, and 28 precluded the identification of the extra chromosome in these lines. Cytogenetic methods for unequivocally identifying trisomics for chromosomes 1A and 5A are discussed. Thus six of the series of primary trisomics have been identified. Telotrisomic lines are also being produced.Key words: Triticum monococcum, trisomics, C-banding, Ag-NOR staining, in situ hybridization, rDNA probes, plant morphology.

Bromus pictus of the B. setifolius complex (section Pnigma): numerical taxonomy and chromosome evidence for species rank

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2493-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Naranjo ◽  
F. H. Arias ◽  
F. E. Gil ◽  
A. Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genome Length ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Components Analysis

Two biotic sympatric taxa of the Bromus setifolius complex, which are presently considered as varieties, were studied using cytological and numerical taxonomy methods. The numerical taxonomy analysis (cluster and principal components analysis) based on 35 characters showed the existence of two phenetically significant groups. One is formed by individuals that correspond to B. setifolius Presl. and the other by individuals with the characters of Bromus pictus Hook. All plants of B. setifolius had 2n = 4x = 28, and all the B. pictus individuals had 2n = 10x = 70. Other cytological differences between the two taxa were found, e.g., karyotype formulae, type of satellites, basic genome length, asymmetry, C-banding patterns, and meiotic chromosome behavior. Cytological differences, which parallel the constant morphological features exhibited by each taxa, justify specific status. Taking into acount other characters, such as perenniality, breeding system, and reproductive isolation barrier, the relationships and evolution of these taxa are discussed. Key words: Bromus setifolius, Bromus pictus, numerical taxonomy, karyotype, C-banding.

Genome constitutions of Thinopyrum curvifolium, T. scirpeum, T. distichum, and T. junceum (Triticeae: Gramineae)

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wu Liu ◽  
Richard R.-C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Triploid Hybrid ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Geographical Separation ◽  
Basic Genome ◽  
Karyotype Analyses ◽  
Metaphase I

The objective of this study is to elucidate genome constitutions of Thinopyrum curvifolium (Lange) D.R. Dewey, T. scirpeum (K. Presl) D.R. Dewey, T. distichum (Thunb.) A. Löve, and T. junceum (L.) A. Löve. Hybrids of T. sartorii (Boiss. &Heidr.) A. Löve with T. scirpeum and T. junceum, as well as the hybrid between T. curvifolium and Pseudoroegneria geniculata ssp. scythica (Nevski) A. Löve, were made and chromosome pairing at metaphase I was studied. The karyotype analyses of mitotic cells stained by aceto-orcein were conducted for both hybrids and the four target species. The Giemsa C-banding following acetocarmine staining was carried out for the above species and the triploid hybrid T. curvifolium × T. bessarabicum (Savul &Rayss) A. Löve. Meiotic data indicate that all target species have two sets of the basic genome J, but they behave like true allopolyploids because of bivalentization. Karyotypes of T. curvifolium and its triploid hybrid with T. bessarabicum indicate that T. curvifolium contains two different versions of the Jb genome, designated as Jb3 and Jb4, rather than two Je genomes as previously believed. Thinopyrum scirpeum and T. elongatum (4x) have similar karyotypes. Both are segmental allotetraploids carrying two forms of the Je genome. Their genome formulae are Je2 Je3 and Je1 Je3, respectively. Thinopyrum distichum has a karyotype similar to T. junceiforme, which has the Jb2 Je2 genome formula. However, the two species differ in C-banding patterns, reflecting their geographical separation. Thinopyrum junceum is a hexaploid with two pairs of Jb2 genomes and one pair of the Je2 genome, and it has a C-banding pattern similar to that of T. junceiforme, which has one pair each of the Jb2 and Je2 genomes.Key words: genome, meiosis, karyotype, C-banding, Triticeae, Thinopyrum.

Rye C-banding patterns and meiotic stability of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale) selections differing in kernel shriveling

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Papa ◽  
R. Morris ◽  
J. W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Meiotic Stability ◽  
Metaphase I

Two winter hexaploid triticale populations derived from the same cross were selected on the basis of grain appearance and agronomic performance. The five lines from 84LT402 showed more kernel shriveling than the four lines from 84LT401. The derived lines were analyzed for aneuploid frequencies, rye chromosome banding patterns, and meiotic stability to detect associations with kernel development. The aneuploid frequencies were 16% in 84LT401 and 18% in 84LT402. C-banding showed that both selection groups had all the rye chromosomes except 2R. The two groups had similar telomeric patterns but differed in the long-arm interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. Compared with lines from 84LT402, those from 84LT401 had significantly fewer univalents and rod bivalents, and more paired arms at metaphase I; fewer laggards and bridges at anaphase I; and a higher frequency of normal tetrads. There were no significant differences among lines within each group for any meiotic character. Since there were no differences within or between groups in telomeric banding patterns, the differences in kernel shriveling and meiotic stability might be due to genotypic factors and (or) differences in the interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. By selecting plump grains, lines with improved kernel characteristics along with improved meiotic stability are obtainable.Key words: triticale, meiotic stability, C-banding, Secale cereale, heterochromatin.

Chromosome Analysis of Two Related Heteroploid Mouse Cell Lines by Quinacrine Fluorescence

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
P. W. ALLDERDICE ◽  
O. J. MILLER ◽  
D. A. MILLER ◽  
D. WARBURTON ◽  
P. L. PEARSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Mouse Cell ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Fluorescent Banding ◽  
Quinacrine Fluorescence

The fluorescent banding patterns of quinacrine-stained metaphase chromosomes have been studied in 2 related mouse cell lines, A9 and a malignant derivative of A9, A9HT. In both cell lines virtually every chromosome has a distinctive banding pattern which permits its recognition. More than three quarters of the chromosomes have structural rearrangements, but the origin of nearly two thirds of the chromosomes could be determined by their banding patterns. The quinacrine fluorescence technique permits far more detailed characterization and comparison of heteroploid cell lines than any previous method. A9 and A9HT are karyologically quite similar, with many of the same marker chromosomes. There are, however, characteristic differences. A9HT, although it has a smaller average number of chromosomes per cell, appears to be more heterogeneous.

Cytological identification of some trisomics of Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Zhi Wei ◽  
W. F. Campbell ◽  
G. J. Scoles ◽  
A. E. Slinkard ◽  
R. Ruey-Chyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Double Deletion ◽  
Russian Wildrye

Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (2n = 2x = 14; NsNs), is an important forage grass and a potential source of germplasm for cereal crop improvement. Because of genetic heterogeneity as a result of its self-incompatibility, it is difficult to identify trisomics of this diploid species based on morphological characters alone. Putative trisomies (2n = 2x + 1 = 15), derived from open pollination of a triploid plant by pollen grains of diploid plants, were characterized by Giemsa C-banding. Based on both karyotypic criteria and C-banding patterns, four of the seven possible primary trisomics, a double-deletion trisomic, and two tertiary trisomics were identified.Key words: Russian wildrye, Psathyrostachys juncea, trisomic, C-banding, karyotype.

Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of Hordeum marinum and H. murinum

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ib Linde-Laursen ◽  
Roland von Bothmer ◽  
Niels Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Pattern Polymorphism ◽  
Hordeum Species

Giemsa C-banding patterns of the predominantly self-pollinating, annual species Hordeum marinum (2x, 4x) and H. murinum (2x, 4x, 6x) showed mostly very small to small bands at centromeric and telomeric positions, at one or both sides of the nucleolar constrictions, and at intercalary positions with no preferential disposition. A similar distribution of bands has been observed in other Hordeum species, suggesting that the pattern is the basic one in the genus Hordeum. Hordeum murinum, especially the hexaploid cytotype, was distinguished from H. marinum by having more numerous and more conspicuous bands, resulting in a significantly higher percentage of constitutive heterochromatin (9–17 vs. 4–8%). The differences in C-banding patterns supported by differences in chromosome morphology confirm that H. marinum and H. murinum are not closely related. Banding-pattern polymorphism was prevalent among populations but unobserved within populations. In spite of this polymorphism, banding patterns in combination with chromosome morphology identified homologous chromosomes of different populations of a taxon and indicated that the chromosome complements of the polyploids of both species comprised the genome of the related diploid as well as one or two "unidentified" genomes. This agrees with an alloploid origin of polyploids. The C-banding patterns of H. marinum ssp. marinum and H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum (2x) showed some divergence in spite of the close relationship. The C-banded karyotypes of H. murinum ssp. murinum and H. murinum ssp. leporinum (4x) were very similar, supporting conspecificity. Chromosome lengths and longest/shortest chromosome ratios were fairly similar to those previously published, supporting the conclusion that linear relationships of chromosomes are normally stable within genomes. The taxonomy of the two species is discussed.Key words: C-banding, karyotypes, Hordeum.

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