The Balbiani ring and the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila bicornuta

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
Z. G. Scouras ◽  
A. Natsiou-Voziki
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Balbiani Ring

A study of the BR1 and of the most prominent puffs during larval development and after in vitro ecdysterone treatment, as well as of the banding pattern and inverted tandem chromosomal duplications of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila bicornuta, is presented in this report. These data are compared and discussed with those of D. auraria and D. serrata, two other montium species.Key words: Drosophila, Balbiani ring, duplications, ecdysterone.

scholarly journals MULTIPLE GENE SITES FOR 5S AND 18 + 28S RNA ON CHROMOSOMES OF GLYPTOTENDIPES BARBIPES (STAEGER)

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu-Nan Wen ◽  
Pedro E. León ◽  
Donald R. Hague
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Balbiani Ring ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
The Right

Ribosomal RNAs (28 + 18S and 5S) and 4S RNA extracted from the chironomid Glyptotendipes barbipes were iodinated in vitro with 125I and hybridized to the salivary gland chromosomes of G. barbipes and Drosophila melanogaster. Iodinated 18 + 28 S RNA labeled three puffed sites with associated nucleoli on chromosomes IR, IIL, and IIIL of G. barbipes and the nucleolar organizer of Drosophila. Labeled 5S RNA hybridized to three sites on chromosome IIIR, two sites on chromosome IIR and one site in a Balbiani ring on chromosome IV of Glyptotendipes. Most of the label produced by this RNA was localized seven bands away from the centromere on the right arm of chromosome III, and we consider this to be the main site complementary to 5S RNA in the chironomid. This same RNA preparation specifically labeled the 56 EF region of chromosome IIR of Drosophila which has been shown previously to be the only site labeled when hybridized with homologous 5S RNA. Hybridization of G. barbipes chromosomes with iodinated 4S RNA produced no clearly localized labeled sites over the exposure periods studied.

A comparison of polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and orbital bristle trichogen cells in Ceratitis capitata

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zacharopoulou ◽  
K. Bourtzis ◽  
Ph. Kerremans
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Different Tissues

The banding patterns of polytene chromosomes in different tissues of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, vary to such an extent that homologous chromosomes cannot be recognised. However, analyses of autosomal breakpoints in several translocation strains allowed chromosomes from the two tissues to be aligned despite their difference in banding pattern. These results were discussed, considering the different hypotheses of the origin and biological significance of polytene chromosome bands.Key words: polytene chromosomes, salivary gland chromosomes, orbital bristle trichogen cell chromosomes, Ceratitis capitata.

Cytogenetic analysis of Malpighian tubule and salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Zambetaki ◽  
Kleanthis Kleanthous ◽  
Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Bactrocera Oleae ◽  
Dacus Oleae ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Ectopic Pairing ◽  
Tandem Duplications

Photomaps of the Malpighian tubule and the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae) are presented and compared with those of the fat body. Five polytene chromosomes (10 polytene arms) corresponding to the five autosomes of the mitotic nuclei, as well as a heterochromatic mass corresponding to the sex chromosomes, are observed in the nuclei of the three somatic tissues. The most prominent features of each polytene chromosome, the reverse tandem duplications, as well as the rather unusual ectopic pairing of the telomeric regions of different chromosome arms, are described. The constancy of the banding pattern based on the analysis of the three larval tissues is discussed.Key words: Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae), polytene chromosomes, salivary gland, Malpighian tubule, banding pattern.

The polytene chromosomes of species of Eusimulium (Hellichiella) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothfels ◽  
Victor I. Golini
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
First Time

In an extension of Dunbar's work (R. W. Dunbar. 1967. Can. J. Zool. 45: 377–396) eight species in Hellichiella were examined cytologically on the basis of the banding pattern of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Hellichiella congareenarum, H. innocens, and H. anatinum were restudied. It was concluded that the sibling distinction between congareenarum and congareenarum 'b' stipulated by Dunbar is not tenable and that anatinum differs from standard by only one inversion (IIS-1). Species studied for the first time are H. rendalense (from Norway), H. latipes (syn. subexcisum from Britain) and H. saccai (from Italy), and the undescribed "Opinaca" sp. (from James Bay, Quebec), and "sp. near dogieli" (from Norway). Diagnostic features are given for each taxon in terms of (i) fixed inversions from standard (congareenarum), (ii) specific sex differential segments, and (iii) inversion polymorphisms. These features are utilized in the construction of an unrooted cytophylogeny.

Evolutionary implications of duplications and Balbiani rings in Drosophila. A study of Drosophila serrata

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
N. Kyrpides ◽  
Z. G. Scouras
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Balbiani Ring ◽  
Intercalary Heterochromatin ◽  
Developmental Profile ◽  
Balbiani Rings ◽  
Drosophila Serrata ◽  
Tandem Duplications

Drosophila serrata, a species of subgroup montium, exhibits in its salivary-gland chromosomes a high number of inverted tandem duplications and a well-formed Balbiani ring. A photographic map, the duplications, and the Balbiani ring of this species are presented. Also presented are the most prominent puffs during normal larval development and after ecdysone treatment, as well as intercalary heterochromatin regions of the above chromosomes. These data are discussed and compared with those of Drosophila auraria, another species of subgroup montium. All the inverted tandem duplications found in both species are homozygous and are not accompanied by other types of chromosomal rearrangements. These results argue in favor of the relatively old origin of these structures. The similarity of the structure and the developmental profile of the Balbiani ring 1 in both species may indicate a necessary role served by the Balbiani ring 1 and hence its selection during evolution.Key words: Drosophila, duplications, Balbiani ring, ecdysone, intercalary heterochromatin.

Puffs and PCR: the in vivo dynamics of early gene expression during ecdysone responses in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Huet ◽  
C. Ruiz ◽  
G. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Larval Salivary Gland

The steroid hormone ecdysone orchestrates insect development by regulating gene networks. In Drosophila the most detailed description of ecdysone action is the sequential activation of early and late puffs in the polytene chromosomes of the late larval salivary gland. A number of these early puffs (2B5, 74EF and 75B) contain complex transcription units (Broad-Complex, E74 and E75 respectively) encoding families of regulatory proteins which are expressed in most if not all tissues. In vitro, transcripts of the different isoforms of these early genes as well as the ecdysone receptor (EcR) present varying dose response characteristics (Karim and Thummel, 1992, EMBO J. 11, 4083–4093). We have developed an in vivo approach using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) so as to visualise these transcripts in the RNA extracted from a single salivary gland. Using one salivary gland lobe for developmental puff staging and the sister lobe for RT-PCR, we have obtained precise developmental profiles for these transcripts and have extended our study to other tissues and stages where puffing studies were not possible. In the salivary gland we have characterised three distinct ecdysone responses. For the mid and late third larval instar responses our results confirm and extend the conclusions of the in vitro studies concerning the temporal expression of the early gene isoforms. The relatively brief prepupal response contains elements in common with each of the larval responses and all three can be explained by the profiles of the respective ecdysone peaks. Interestingly EcR transcripts respond differently during each response. The analysis of different tissues of the same animal reveals subtle differences in the timing of the ecdysone response and isoform expression and suggests that this may reflect tissue differences in the ecdysone profiles. As these molecules have homologues in vertebrates, our analysis may have general implications for the organisation of hormonal responses in vivo.

The 3-D substructure of RNA in nascent RNP granules: A novel application of osmium ammine-B staining and electron spectroscopic imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ada L. Olins ◽  
Donald E. Olins ◽  
Manesh B. Shah ◽  
Henri A. Levy ◽  
David P. Bazett-Jonest
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Chironomus Tentans ◽  
Balbiani Ring ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Nuclear Pores ◽  
Rnp Granules

RNA has a particulate substructure when visualized in situ with the nucleic acid specific stain osmium ammine-B (OA-B). In this study energy spectroscopic imaging (ESI) was used to enhance the contrast and collect the data for tomographic reconstructions.The Balbiani ring (BR) in the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Chironomus tentans larvae furnishes a well known model for the structure of nascent m-RNA. This gland produces copious amounts of silk-like secretory proteins which are very large (106 daltons). The site of transcription, the BR, is easily recognized in the EM by its characteristic “puff” structure and electron-dense granular transcripts. Mature BR granules are 45-50 nm in diameter and can be easily observed within the nucleus and passing through nuclear pores.

ALTERED STEROID INDUCED PUFFING BY CHROMATIN BOUND ALUMINUM IN A POLYTENE CHROMOSOME OF THE BLACKFLY SIMULIUM VITTATUM

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Sanderson ◽  
Donald R. Crapper McLachlan ◽  
Umberto De Boni
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Nuclear Chromatin ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells

The neurotoxic element aluminum accumulates selectively upon nuclear chromatin of several cell types, including neurons and glial cells of experimental animals and man. However, no mechanism of toxic action has been identified. Histometric analyses of the puffing patterns induced by ecdysterone in polytene chromosomes in the dipteran, Simulium vittatum (Zetterstedt) showed that chromosomes of salivary gland cells exposed to aluminum in vitro exhibit significant alterations in their response to ecdysterone. Specifically, chromatin bound aluminum completely inhibits (p < 0.05) puffing at seven out of nine sites normally puffed by ecdysterone and partially inhibits (p < 0.05) puffing at one site. Aluminum induces a partial puff (p < 0.05) at one site previously inhibited when both aluminum and ecdysterone were present. These findings suggest that one mode of toxic action of chromatin bound aluminum may be related to changes in gene expression.

Description of Chironomus quinnitukut, n. sp., closely related tothe C. decorus group in North America, with characterization of an additional larval form from halobiontic habitats

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2716 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
JON MARTIN ◽  
JAMES E. SUBLETTE ◽  
BROUGHTON A. CALDWELL
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
North America ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Larval Form

Chironomus quinnitukqut n. sp., from halobiontic habitats in Connecticut and Massachusetts, is described on the basis of the adult and larval morphology, and the banding pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes. In previous studies, the Connecticut population has been referred to as Chironomus atrella Townes, but a re-examination has indicated that it can be readily differentiated from C. atrella in all life stages. Rather, the banding pattern of the polytene chromosomes indicates the species, is best placed as a member of the Chironomus decorus group. Larvae of a second halobiontic species, C. species Cape Cod, are morphologically very similar to C. quinnitukqut and this species also appears to be a member of the C. decorus group.

The Afrotropical Drosophila montium subgroup: Balbiani ring 1, polytene chromosomes, and heat shock response of Drosophila vulcana

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 588-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pardali ◽  
E. Feggou ◽  
E. Drosopoulou ◽  
I. Konstantopoulou ◽  
Z. G. Scouras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Balbiani Ring ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
Small Hsps ◽  
Inducible Protein ◽  
Montium Subgroup ◽  
Tandem Duplications

A detailed photographic map of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Drosophila vulcana, an Afrotropical species of the montium subgroup of the melanogaster group, is presented, along with chromosomal rearrangements, such as reverse tandem duplications and inversions, the well-formed Balbiani ring 1, and the most prominent puffs during normal larval and white prepupal development and after ecdysone treatment. In addition, the heat inducible protein and puffing pattern and the loci of the major heat shock genes, namely, hsp70, hsp83, the "small" hsps, and a putative hsp68, of this species were studied. In the light of the data revealed by the above studies, phylogenetic relationships among the montium subgroup species are attempted. Key words : Drosophila, Balbiani ring, polytene chromosomes, heat shock, puffs, genes, proteins, hsp70 single locus.

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