Spontaneous somatic transfer of a segment from a wheat addition chromosome into the rye genome

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Melz ◽  
V. Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase ◽  
Specific Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Addition ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Univalent Pair ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Wheat chromosome 3B when added to the rye genome causes resistance to powdery mildew of rye (Erysiphe graminis DC. f.sp. secalis Marchal) as the result of the action of the gene Rpm1. Wheat chromosome 3B also carries the gene Got-B3 for glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. In two independent, vegetatively reproduced additions of 3B to rye, the extra wheat chromosome appeared to have been lost spontaneously, but both genes were still present. The rye chromosome into which the genes had been transferred could not be identified. Chromosome 3R appeared to be morphologically unchanged, no telomeric heterochromatin normally present in any rye chromosome had disappeared, and no wheat B-genome centromeric heterochromatin was observed. At meiosis the chiasma frequency was reduced, resulting in the frequent formation of one univalent pair, and occasionally two univalent pairs. No specific chromosome pair was preferentially involved. The wheat genes could not be transferred to the progeny by selfing nor by reciprocal back-crossing, but gametes without these genes were functional. The plants were semisterile.Key words: wheat chromosome addition, rye, somatic translocation, univalents, mildew resistance.

Use of RFLPs to determine the chromosome composition of tetraploid triticale (A/B)(A/B)RR

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lelley ◽  
E. Kazman ◽  
K. M. Devos ◽  
M. D. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
Wheat Genome ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Specific Chromosome ◽  
Genome Chromosome ◽  
B Genome

Tetraploid triticale, (A/B)(A/B)RR (2n = 28), is a botanical novelty, an amphiploid composed of a diploid rye and a 14 chromosome wheat genome made up of chromosomes of the A and B genomes of tetraploid wheat. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to elucidate the chromosome composition of the mixed wheat genome of 35 different tetraploid triticale lines. Of 128 possible A/B chromosome pair combinations, only 6 were found among these lines, with a prevalence of the 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, and 7B karyotype. In most triticale lines stable wheat genomes made up of only homologous A or B genome chromosome pairs were identified, however, in some lines homoeologous chromosome pairs were found. In this paper we demonstrate that RFLPs can be used successfully as an alternative to C-banding for the identification of the chromosome composition of tetraploid triticale and discuss the possible selective advantage of specific chromosome composition.Key words: tetraploid triticale, mixed wheat genome, RFLR

Alloplasmic wheat – Elymus ciliaris chromosome addition lines

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiming Jiang ◽  
Peidu Chen ◽  
Bernd Friebe ◽  
W. John Raupp ◽  
Bikram S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Puccinia Recondita ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Chromosome Translocations ◽  
Chromosome Addition ◽  
Nucleolar Organizing Regions ◽  
Chromosome Addition Lines ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Alloplasmic euploid wheat with the cytoplasm of Elymus ciliaris (2n = 4x = 28, ScScYcYc) is male sterile and has reduced vigor. However, alloplasmic plants with E. ciliaris chromosomes 1Sc or 1Yc marked by gliadin genes Gli-Sc1 and Gli-Ycl, respectively, are vigorous and fertile. The Rf genes on 1Sc and 1Yc are named Rf-Sc1 and Rf-Yc1. Two chromosome translocations involving 1Yc were isolated. The first involved the short arm of 1Yc translocated to the short arm of wheat chromosome 3B. The second involved the short arm of 1Yc translocated to the short arm of a chromosome, designated L, of E. ciliaris. The second line also has another E. ciliaris chromosome designated A and lacks wheat chromosome 6A. This line is resistant to Puccinia recondita. The relationship between fertility restoration and nucleolar organizing regions is discussed. Key words : Triticum aestivum, Elymus ciliaris, chromosome addition, Rf genes, nucleolar organizing regions.

Chromosome pairing and aneuploidy in tetraploid triticale. I. Stabilized karyotypes

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Lukaszewski ◽  
Barbara Apolinarska ◽  
J. Perry Gustafson ◽  
K.-D. Krolow
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wheat Genome ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Genome Chromosome ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Among 38 lines of tetraploid triticale analyzed at meiosis, the number of paired arms per rye chromosome ranged from 1.14 to 1.76 and from 1.46 to 1.96 per wheat chromosome. The frequency of cells without univalents ranged from 22 to 90%. Pairing frequencies within rye and wheat genomes were correlated in all groups of lines. Lines without wheat chromosome 3B showed reduced pairing in both genomes, while lines with an additional pair of 5R chromosomes substituted for group-5 wheat chromosomes showed improved pairing of the rye genome but not of the wheat genome. In the rye genome, the chromosome arms that carry major blocks of telomeric heterochromatin paired with an average of 25.1% lower frequency than the arms without the telomeric heterochromatin, the difference being attributed to the difference in arm length and not to the presence of heterochromatic blocks. In the wheat genome, chromosome arms IBS, 5AS, and 5BS and chromosomes 4A and 7B paired with significantly lower frequency than the remaining arms of wheat chromosomes. Average aneuploid frequency in a sample of 1383 plants was 4.55%, with the mean value of 5.77% in lines with 14 wheat and 14 rye chromosomes, and 2.01% in lines with an extra pair of 5R chromosomes. The results indicate that while the meiotic pairing is poorer and aneuploid frequency is higher than previously believed, tetraploid triticales are nevertheless chromosomally much more stable than hexaploid or octoploid triticales. Key words: C-banding, heterochromatin, paired arms, chromosome substitution.

The effect of telomeric heterochromatin on the frequency of aneuploids in triticale (× Triticosecale)

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Dillé ◽  
J. P. Gustafson ◽  
M. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the frequency of aneuploids and blocks of telomeric heterochromatin on rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosomes in a triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) background was investigated. Lines with or without blocks of telomeric heterochromatin were examined to determine the percentage of aneuploid progeny. The results showed that the amount of telomeric heterochromatin present on rye chromosomes 4R and 6R had little effect (2%) on lowering the proportion of aneuploids. When rye chromosome pair 2R was replaced by wheat chromosome 2D in the presence of chromosomes 4R and 6R lacking heterochromatin, the percentage of aneuploids increased slightly (2.7%) over that found in the control population.

scholarly journals A Duplicated Copy of the Meiotic Gene ZIP4 Preserves up to 50% Pollen Viability and Grain Number in Polyploid Wheat

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Abdul Kader Alabdullah ◽  
Graham Moore ◽  
Azahara C. Martín
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Meiotic Gene ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Mutant Pollen ◽  
Female Gametogenesis ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Although most flowering plants are polyploid, little is known of how the meiotic process evolves after polyploidisation to stabilise and preserve fertility. On wheat polyploidisation, the major meiotic gene ZIP4 on chromosome 3B duplicated onto 5B and diverged (TaZIP4-B2). TaZIP4-B2 was recently shown to promote homologous pairing, synapsis and crossover, and suppress homoeologous crossover. We therefore suspected that these meiotic stabilising effects could be important for preserving wheat fertility. A CRISPR Tazip4-B2 mutant was exploited to assess the contribution of the 5B duplicated ZIP4 copy in maintaining pollen viability and grain setting. Analysis demonstrated abnormalities in 56% of meiocytes in the Tazip4-B2 mutant, with micronuclei in 50% of tetrads, reduced size in 48% of pollen grains and a near 50% reduction in grain number. Further studies showed that most of the reduced grain number occurred when Tazip4-B2 mutant plants were pollinated with the less viable Tazip4-B2 mutant pollen rather than with wild type pollen, suggesting that the stabilising effect of TaZIP4-B2 on meiosis has a greater consequence in subsequent male, rather than female gametogenesis. These studies reveal the extraordinary value of the wheat chromosome 5B TaZIP4-B2 duplication to agriculture and human nutrition. Future studies should further investigate the role of TaZIP4-B2 on female fertility and assess whether different TaZIP4-B2 alleles exhibit variable effects on meiotic stabilisation and/or resistance to temperature change.

scholarly journals PAIRING COMPETITION BETWEEN IDENTICAL AND HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES IN RYE AND GRASSHOPPERS

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-684
Author(s):  
J L Santos ◽  
J Orellana ◽  
R Giraldez
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Homologous Pairing ◽  
Eyprepocnemis Plorans ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Telomeric Heterochromatin

ABSTRACT Meiotic pairing preferences between identical and homologous but not identical chromosomes were analyzed in spontaneous tetraploid/diploid chimeras of three male grasshoppers (Eyprepocnemis plorans) whose chromosome pair 11 were heterozygous for C-banding pattern and in four induced tetraploid/diploid chimaeral rye plants (Secale cereale) heterozygous for telomeric heterochromatin C-bands in chromosomes 1R and 2R. In the grasshoppers, a preference for identical over homologous pairing was observed, whereas in rye both a preference for homologous rather than identical pairing and random pairing between the four chromosomes of the set was found. From the results in rye, it can be deduced that pairing preferences do not depend exclusively on the similarities between chromosomes involved. It is suggested that genotypic or cryptic structural differences between the homologous chromosomes of each pair analyzed might be responsible for the pairing preferences found. This hypothesis can also explain the results obtained in grasshoppers, although the possibility of premeiotic association cannot be excluded in this material.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic and molecular studies in conservation breeding of Pulawska breed pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 395-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Babicz ◽  
Barbara Danielak-Czech ◽  
Anna Kozubska-Sobocińska ◽  
Iwona Łuszczewska-Sierakowska ◽  
Agata Wawrzyniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Specific Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Chromosome Markers ◽  
Nucleolar Organizing Regions ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
Conservation Breeding

The paper presents the genetic characteristics of Pulawska breed pigs carried out on the basis of cytogenetic and molecular studies. Among chromosome markers, polymorphic variants of specific chromosome structures such as centromeric heterochromatin areas (C bands) and nucleolar organizing regions (NOR bands) were taken into account. The described breed-specific tendencies concerning size polymorphism of these structures are the source of chromosome markers that are useful for identifying the linkage with genes controlling important production traits. On the other hand, molecular studies presented in this work included DNA markers of the STR and SNP type (with particular consideration of the PRL, FST, MC4R, TNNT3, MTTP and DIO3 genes), which are useful in determining the genetic background of functional traits, as well as the characteristics of the breeds for terms of genetic variation, especially conservative breeds, where it is appropriate to maintain the existing genetic diversity and intra-breed variability.

scholarly journals A duplicated copy of the meiotic gene ZIP4 preserves up to 50% pollen viability and grain number in polyploid wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Kader Alabdullah ◽  
Graham Moore ◽  
Azahara C. Martín
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
List Type ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Meiotic Gene ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Female Gametogenesis ◽  
Chromosome 3B

SummaryAlthough most flowering plants are polyploid, little is known of how the meiotic process evolved to stabilise and preserve polyploid fertility. On wheat polyploidisation, the major meiotic gene ZIP4 on chromosome 3B duplicated onto 5B and subsequently diverged. This 5B meiotic gene copy (TaZIP4-B2) was recently shown to promote homologous pairing, synapsis and crossover, and suppress homoeologous crossover. We therefore suspected that these stabilising effects on meiosis could be important for the preservation of wheat polyploid fertility.A CRISPR Tazip4-B2 mutant was exploited to assess the contribution of the 5B duplicated ZIP4 copy in maintaining pollen viability and grain setting.Analysis demonstrated abnormalities in 56% of meiocytes in the Tazip4-B2 mutant, with micronuclei in 50% of tetrads, reduced size in 48% of pollen grains and a near 50% reduction in grain number. Further studies showed that most of the reduced grain number resulted from pollination with less viable pollen, suggesting that the stabilising effect of TaZIP4-B2 on meiosis has a greater consequence in subsequent male, rather than female gametogenesis.These studies reveal the extraordinary value of the wheat chromosome 5B TaZIP4-B2 duplication to agriculture and human nutrition. Future studies should assess whether different TaZIP4-B2 alleles exhibit variable effects on meiotic stabilisation and/or resistance to temperature change.

scholarly journals Chromosomes are predominantly located randomly with respect to each other in interphase human cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Cornforth ◽  
Karin M. Greulich-Bode ◽  
Bradford D. Loucas ◽  
Javier Arsuaga ◽  
Mariel Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Specific Chromosome ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
Chromosome Associations ◽  
Whole Chromosome Painting

To test quantitatively whether there are systematic chromosome–chromosome associations within human interphase nuclei, interchanges between all possible heterologous pairs of chromosomes were measured with 24-color whole-chromosome painting (multiplex FISH), after damage to interphase lymphocytes by sparsely ionizing radiation in vitro. An excess of interchanges for a specific chromosome pair would indicate spatial proximity between the chromosomes comprising that pair. The experimental design was such that quite small deviations from randomness (extra pairwise interchanges within a group of chromosomes) would be detectable. The only statistically significant chromosome cluster was a group of five chromosomes previously observed to be preferentially located near the center of the nucleus. However, quantitatively, the overall deviation from randomness within the whole genome was small. Thus, whereas some chromosome–chromosome associations are clearly present, at the whole-chromosomal level, the predominant overall pattern appears to be spatially random.

THE CYTOGENETIC STRUCTURE OF A 56-CHROMOSOME DERIVATIVE FROM A CROSS BETWEEN TRITICUM AESTIVUM AND AGROPYRON ELONGATUM (2n = 70)

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Wheat Chromosome ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Synthetic Genome ◽  
Chromosome Associations ◽  
Chromosome Segments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Chromosome pairing was studied in a number of hybrids involving a 56-chromosome wheat-Agropyron derivative, PW 327. PW 327 originated from the cross, Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (Chinese Spring × A. elongatum, 2n = 70). In hybrids between PW 327 and T. aestivum a number of multivalent chromosome associations were formed at metaphase I. These multivalents result from interchanges which occurred among wheat chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2A, 2D, 4D and 6D of PW 327. One chromosome of the Agropyron chromosome set of PW 327 occasionally pairs with wheat chromosome 3B. The rest of the Agropyron chromosomes present in PW 327 do not pair with the chromosomes of T. aestivum. It is proposed that the set of Agropyron chromosomes present in PW 327 is not an intact genome of decaploid A. elongatum but rather a modified synthetic genome combining chromosomes and/or chromosome segments from different genomes of the Agropyron parent. The incorporation of duplication-deletions into synthetic genomes of natural polyploids is discussed and it is shown that the set of Agropyron chromosomes which is present in PW 327 carries at least one such duplication-deletion. Pairing between chromosomes of diploid and decaploid A. elongatum was studied in a 56-chromosome hybrid from a cross between an amphiploid, T. aestivum × A. elongatum (2n = 14), and PW 327. It appeared that at least four chromosomes of these two Agropyrons occasionally paired with each other in this hybrid in which the diploidizing system of wheat was active. The relationship between chromosomes of diploid and decaploid A. elongatum is discussed.

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