Identification of loci on chromosome 5A of wheat involved in control of cold hardiness, vernalization, leaf length, rosette growth habit, and height of hardened plants

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Spring Growth Habit ◽  
Chromosome 5A ◽  
The One

The offspring from crosses of 'Cadet' by 'Cadet – Rescue 5A' and 'Winalta' by 'Winalta – Rescue 5A' were studied to obtain information on the inheritance of cold hardiness, winter–spring growth habit, rosette growth habit, height of cold-hardened plants, and length of leaves of hardened plants. The results indicate that a minimum of two loci on chromosome 5A are involved with cold hardening. One locus controls hardiness in part and is tightly linked to the one that controls in part the length of leaves of hardened plants. The other locus is, or it tightly linked to, Vrn1, a winter-spring growth habit locus. This locus may also control part of rosette growth habit. It is postulated that Vrn1 is involved in sensing temperature and in part triggering vernalization, cold hardening, and the development of the rosette growth habit. If so, Vrn1 could code for production of a temperature-sensitive protein, which undergoes conformational changes with changes in temperature.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, vernalization, rosette growth habit, plant height, leaf length, temperature sensing.

Role of chromosome 5A in wheat in control of some traits associated with cold hardiness of winter wheat

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts ◽  
M. D. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Chromosome 5A ◽  
Prostrate Growth

Chromosome 5A in the hardy winter wheats 'Winalta' and 'Kharkov 22 MC (Triticum aestivum L.) carries at least one of the several loci controlling the expression of cold hardiness, low temperature induced reduction in leaf length, percent dry matter in leaves, prostrate growth habit, and proportion of peak I to peak II invertase in leaves.

Changes in the proportions of two forms of invertase associated with the cold acclimation of wheat

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

The proportion of two of the forms of invertase in wheat leaves is different when the plants are grown under cold-hardening conditions compared with under nonhardening conditions. Twelve varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell. ssp. vulgare) of diverse levels of cold hardiness showed a high rank-order correlation between their level of cold hardiness and the ratio of peak I to peak II invertase in the leaves grown for 7–8 weeks at 6–4 °C. Similar trends were evident among four of these varieties grown for 11–13 or 20–24 weeks at 3 °C. No such correlations were observed in plants grown at 21 °C, i.e., under conditions that induce little or no cold hardening. The single durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) tested behaved somewhat differently.When plants of a single variety were grown under different hardening conditions, the cold resistance of the plants and the ratio of peak I to peak II invertase in their leaves were not closely related. However, cold-hardened common winter wheat varieties had much higher ratios of peak I to peak II invertase in their leaves than did similar varieties in the unhardy condition or cold-sensitive varieties.In the bread wheats, the amount of peak I invertase increases in plants grown under conditions causing cold hardening relative to that in plants grown at 21 °C while the amount of peak II invertase decreases. This suggests that one form of invertase replaces another during cold hardening.

MESURE DE L’ENDURCISSEMENT AU FROID ET DE LA VIABILITE DES PLANTES EXPOSEES AU GEL PAR LE DOSAGE DES PHOSPHATASES ACIDES LIBRES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BOLDUC ◽  
L. RANCOURT ◽  
P. DOLBEC ◽  
L. CHOUINARD-LAVOIE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
The One

Cellular freezing induces leaking of non-specific acid phosphatase enzymes (EC. 3.1.3.2) from the cell walls of wheat crowns into the liquid medium surrounding the plant tissues. Those free enzymes leak both in the disorganized cytoplasm and in the external medium surrounding the tissues. The phosphastase activity index, measured in the external medium of the frozen plants as compared with the one of the non-frozen plants, decreases proportionally with the temperature of the freezing test until a minimum plateau is reached corresponding to the killing temperature of the plants. The determination of this phosphatase activity index can be used therefore as a quantitative method for the estimation of the viability of plants exposed to freezing. The initial drop of the phosphatase activity index precedes the viability loss as measured with the regrowth tests. The solubilization of those acid phosphatases previously bonded to the cell walls is one cause of the plant death rather than its consequence. The differentiating degrees of cold hardiness can be calculated from the changes in the phosphatase activity during a programmed freezing test among cultivars or species, immediately after running the test. Kharkov (Triticum aestivum L.) sampled in the fall shows + 13 °C differential of cold hardiness as compared with the one sampled in summer while Champlein (Triticum aestivum L.) has developed + 5 °C differential of cold hardiness. In the same conditions, another species (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) shows − 9 °C differential of cold hardiness as compared with Kharkov. Temperatures near the freezing point stabilize instantly the attachment of enzymes to cell walls. This molecular rearrangement, at the enzymatic level, is related to the initial metabolism of cold hardening.

EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON COLD HARDINESS AND WINTERKILL OF OVERWINTERING WINTER WHEAT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. THOMAS ◽  
R. A. BUTTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Russian Wheat Aphid ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Cold Hardy

Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko)) is a new and cold-hardy pest of temperate cereals in western Canada. In view of the risk of fall infestation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), this study was made to establish whether feeding by RWA can interfere with cold hardening and plant survival of overwintering winter wheat. Feeding by RWA significantly increased the LT50 of field-hardened Norstar winter wheat by + 2 to + 4 °C. Application of 400 g (a.i.) ha−1 of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in mid-October to control severe RWA infestations in two different fields of Norstar winter wheat significantly improved winter survival of the crop. The pattern of winterkill within the two fields suggested that this protective effect of chlorpyrifos was greatest in areas where microtopography resulted in the least accumulations of snow and cold stress was most intense. It was concluded that heavy RWA infestation in the fall significantly reduced freezing tolerance of winter wheat and increased the likelihood of winterkilling of the crop by severe cold.Key words: Winter survival, cold hardening, Diuraphis noxia, insecticide, chlorpyrifos, Triticum aestivum, crop damage

Effects of an intercultivaral chromosome substitution on winterhardiness and vernalization in wheat.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-456
Author(s):  
R S Zemetra ◽  
R Morris
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Substitution Line ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Vernalization Gene ◽  
Chromosome 3B

Abstract During a study on the genetic control of winterhardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. group aestivum), a gene that affected vernalization was found on chromosome 3B in the winter wheat cultivar ;Wichita.' When chromosome 3B from Wichita was substituted into the winter wheat cultivar ;Cheyenne,' the resultant substitution line exhibited a spring growth habit. This is unusual since a cross between the cultivars Wichita and Cheyenne results in progeny that exhibit the winter growth habit. The F(2) plants from a cross of the 3B substitution line to Cheyenne, the recipient parent, segregated 3:1 for heading/no heading response in the absence of vernalization (chi(2) = 2.44). Earliness of heading appeared to be due to an additive effect of the 3B gene as shown by the segregation ratio 1:2:1 (early heading-later heading-no heading) (chi(2) = 2.74). This vernalization gene differs from previously described vernalization genes because, while dominant in a Cheyenne background, its expression is suppressed in Wichita. The gene may have an effect on winter hardiness in Wichita. In a field test for winter survival the 3B substitution line had only 5% survival, while Wichita and Cheyenne had 50 and 80% survival, respectively. No other substitution line significantly reduced winter survival. The difference between Wichita and Cheyenne in winterhardiness may be due to the vernalization gene carried on the 3B chromosome.

scholarly journals Large deletions within the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley and wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daolin Fu ◽  
Péter Szűcs ◽  
Liuling Yan ◽  
Marcelo Helguera ◽  
Jeffrey S. Skinner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Habit ◽  
Spring Growth Habit ◽  
Large Deletions ◽  
First Intron

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

Etude des protéines des blés résistant, Kharkov, et sensible, Selkirk, au cours de l'endurcissement au froid. I. Protéines solubles

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 2411-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rochat ◽  
H. P. Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Ice Formation

Electrophoregrams of soluble proteins of winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) after incorporation of L-[14C] leucine disclose the synthesis of two particular proteins during the cold hardening processes of the hardier variety, Kharkov, compared with a less-hardy variety, Selkirk. The composition in amino acids of the two proteins has been studied and shown to confer them a higher degree of hydrophily making them capable to bind and retain vital water with enough energy to avoid too much dehydration resulting in denaturation during extracellular ice formation.

MATERNAL INFLUENCE IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL ON THE SEEDLING VIGOR OF THE PROGENY

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. TWAMLEY
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Early Type ◽  
The One ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Several hundred two-year-old nursery plants originating in the early-type trefoil cultivar Maitland were rated for flowering maturity, morphological features and growth pattern. Open-pollination seed was collected from these and 100-seed weight determinations were made.The experimental material was organized into two sections for testing purposes. In one, the effect of maternal maturity on the seedling vigor of the progeny was studied and in the other the effect of maternal morphology. Each section was made up of five classes, varying either in maturity or in morphology. Each class contained either nine or ten progeny lines. The range in seed size was similar for all classes. No relationship was found between maturity, morphological type or growth habit of the maternal parent on the one hand and the seedling vigor rating of their progeny at six and ten weeks of age on the other.The breeding implications of these findings are discussed.

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