5-BROMODEOXYURIDINE-INDUCED CONSTRICTIONS IN HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Human Complement ◽  
Characteristic Morphology ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

BUdR treatment during the last 5 to 7 hours of growth of leukocyte cultures significantly increases frequency of all secondary constrictions and produces characteristic morphology in certain chromosomes of the human complement. BUdR-induced morphology of the D group and sex chromosomes is described and specific patterns are related to specific chromosomes by the use of identifiable chromosomal abnormalities.

scholarly journals Application of the FISH Technique to Visualize Sex Chromosomes in Domestic Cat Spermatozoa

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Barbara Kij-Mitka ◽  
Halina Cernohorska ◽  
Svatava Kubickova ◽  
Sylwia Prochowska ◽  
Wojciech Niżański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Molecular Cytogenetics ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Fish Technique ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Fluorescence in situ hybridization is a molecular cytogenetics technique that enables the visualization of chromosomes in cells via fluorescently labeled molecular probes specific to selected chromosomes. Despite difficulties in carrying out the FISH technique on sperm, related to the need for proper nuclear chromatin decondensation, this technique has already been used to visualize chromosomes in human, mouse, cattle, swine, horse, and dog spermatozoa. Until now, FISH has not been performed on domestic cat sperm; therefore, the aim of this study was to visualize sex chromosomes in domestic cat sperm. The results showed the presence of X and Y chromosomes in feline spermatozoa. The procedure used for sperm decondensation and fluorescence in situ hybridization was adequate to visualize chromosomes in domestic cat spermatozoa and, in the future, it may be used to determine the degree of chromosomal abnormalities in these gametes.

scholarly journals A template method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of human chromosomes.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D H Moore
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Normal Karyotype ◽  
Template Method ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Flow Measurements

A new method for decomposing flow cytometry histograms of isolated human metaphase chromosomes is described and tested. The method is based on fitting a template, composed of the means of all chromosomes of a normal karyotype to the flow histogram. The utility of the method is demonstrated by application to flow measurements of chromosomes from a normal person and comparing the results with those obtained by conventional cytophotometry. The power of the method for detecting gross chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21, as well as more subtle variations such as a single translocation, is determined for simulated data.

Secondary Constrictions in Human Chromosomes

1965 ◽  
Vol 4 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Palmer ◽  
Sandra Funderburk
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

scholarly journals Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes. IX. Sex Chromosomes of the Greater Glider (Marsupialia : Petauridae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Murray ◽  
GM McKay ◽  
GB Sharman
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
National Park ◽  
Secondary Constriction ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Multiple Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Xy Bivalent ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

The greater glider, currently but incorrectly known as Schoinobates vo/ans, is widely distributed in forested regions in eastern Australia. All animals studied from six different localities had 20 autosomes but there were four chromosomally distinct populations. At Royal National Park, N.S.W., all female greater gliders studied had 22 chromosomes including two large submetacentric X chromosomes with subterminal secondary constrictions in their longer arms. This form of X chromosome occurred also at Bondo State Forest, Myall Lakes and Coff's Harbour, N.S.W., and at Eidsvold, Qld. At Coomooboolaroo, Qld, the X chromosome was also a large submetacentric but a secondary constriction occurred in the shorter arm. Two chromosomally distinct types apparently occur in Royal National Park, one with XY m,ales as in all other populations, and one with XY1Y2 males. Y or Yb but not Y 2, chromosomes were eliminated from the bone marrow in all populations but were present in spermatogonia, primary sperrnatocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Animals from Bondo State Forest had three or more acrocentric or metacentric supernumerary chromosomes. [Other keywords: C-banding, eytotaxonomy, multiple sex chromosomes, XY bivalent.]

scholarly journals Clinical presentation, karyotypic characterization, and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a near-haploid or hypodiploid less than 45 line

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1170-1177
Author(s):  
CH Pui ◽  
AJ Carroll ◽  
SC Raimondi ◽  
VJ Land ◽  
WM Crist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Leukemic Cell ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Karyotypic Analysis ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Poor Treatment

Cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analyses of leukemic cells from 2,184 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) identified 27 cases (1.2%) that had a hypodiploid line with fewer than 45 chromosomes per cell. Had cytogenetic techniques been used alone, seven cases would have been missed, compared with five if only flow cytometry had been used. For comparative purposes, the 27 cases were divided into three groups: near-haploid (n = 10), hypodiploid 30–40 (n = 9), and hypodiploid 41–44 (n = 8). Blast cells from patients with near-haploid ALL lacked structural chromosomal abnormalities; showed nonrandom retention of two copies of chromosomes 8, 10, 14, 18, 21, and the sex chromosomes; and had a second leukemic line with exactly twice the number of chromosomes or DNA content. Karyotypic analysis of the hypodiploid 30–40 and hypodiploid 41–44 groups disclosed structural abnormalities in the stemline or sideline of most of the well-banded cases; those in the latter group were similar to findings in cases with 45 chromosomes. As in the near-haploid group, chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes were preferentially retained in the hypodiploid 30–40 and 41–44 cases. Except for a slight excess of female patients in the near- haploid group and an older age at diagnosis in the hypodiploid 30–40 cases, there were no initial clinical features that distinguished these patients from the general ALL population. Despite intensive treatment and short follow-up, 17 of the 27 patients have relapsed. This study suggests that the poor treatment responsiveness of hypodiploid ALL is not limited to the more than 80% of the patients who have 45 chromosomes per leukemic cell and demonstrates that cytogenetic and flow cytometric analyses are complementary in the evaluation of children with ALL.

SOMATIC METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES IN GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATES OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, CHAMAEPSILA ROSAE (F.) (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Somatic Metaphase ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Total Complement ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

A comparative study of somatic metaphase complements of the carrot rust fly, Chamaepsila rosae (F.), from England, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, and British Columbia showed that the chromosome number is eight and that all chromosomes are metacentric. The means of the total complement length ranged from 50.8 to 53.5 and the lengths for chromosomal pairs I–IV averaged 36.5, 24.8, 22.3, and 16.5% of the total length respectively for the four regions. The sex chromosomes are the largest elements in the complement, the X chromosome being 36.5% of the total length and the Y 28.8%. The arm ratios for members X, Y, II, III, and IV are 1.34, 1.13, 1.57, 1.21, and 1.34 respectively. Secondary constrictions were both infrequent and irregular in location. The work emphasizes that much caution is necessary in analyzing metaphase chromosomes for taxonomic purposes.

Cytogenetics in the Practice of Pediatrics

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Park S. Gerald
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Normal Process ◽  
Chromosomal Alteration ◽  
Probable Diagnosis

The best known chromosomal abnormalities are alterations in the number of chromosomes. This type of chromosomal alteration is found in approximately 5% of all fetuses, most of whom are unable to survive pregnancy. Because of this selection process, only 0.6% of living newborns have a chromosomal abnormality. Approximately half of this group is grossly clinically abnormal. The remainder may not exhibit any clinical disturbance until later in childhood or at the time of reproduction. The pediatrician must have sufficient knowledge of the overt cytogenetic syndromes to suspect the probable diagnosis. The pediatrician must also be sufficiently informed of the origins of chromosomal abnormalities to participate in the genetic counseling of the parents. Further, many of the recently recognized cytogenetic abnormalities are subtle and difficult to detect. Their demonstration will only be possible if the pediatrician is alert to the clinical situations in which they are likely to occur. HUMAN CHROMOSOMES The chromosomes which are seen through the microscope are chromosomes that have replicated. They are bipartite bodies, each half (or sister chromatid) is identical with the other half (Fig 1). The process of preparing the chromosomes for examination involves arresting cell division so that the chromosome does not undergo the normal process of division. The two chromatids touch each other at the constricted region known as the centromere.

GIEMSA BANDING OF THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE DOMESTIC SHEEP (OVIS ARIES)

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Zartman ◽  
A. N. Bruère
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
Naoh Treatment ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

A Giemsa banding procedure was used to construct a basic G-band idiogram for the domestic sheep. The idiogram is labelled in a systematic manner according to the routine recommended for human chromosomes. This pattern based on NaOH treatment, provides a standard of comparison for further studies on intra- and interspecific chromosome homologies in addition to identification of chromosomal abnormalities.Late replicating regions of chromosomal DNA were detected with tritiated thymidine. Partial homologies between G-bands and these late replicating areas were found. Previously reported areas of prevalent secondary constrictions were seen to coincide with late replicating, G-positive regions on the metacentric and X chromosomes.

THE DISTRIBUTION AND LOCALIZATION OF DRUG-INDUCED SECONDARY CONSTRICTIONS IN HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brown ◽  
C. G. Palmer ◽  
P. L. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Mitomycin C ◽  
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Human Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
Secondary Constrictions

BUdR, mitomycin C and hydroxylamine hydrochloride induce secondary constrictions in particular human chromosomes. The increased frequency of constriction formation in certain chromosomes is time and drug dependent, and correlates well with the timing of DNA synthesis. The frequency at which some of these constrictions can be induced by specific drugs at specific times increases the usefulness of these landmarks in chromosome identification.

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