Identification of plant genes regulated in resistant potato Solanum sparsipilum during the early stages of infection by Globodera pallida

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katell Jolivet ◽  
Eric Grenier ◽  
Jean-Paul Bouchet ◽  
Magali Esquibet ◽  
Marie-Claire Kerlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Solanum Sparsipilum ◽  
Cycle Regulation

Using a complementary (c)DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach, we investigated differential gene expression linked to resistance mechanisms during the incompatible potato – Globodera pallida interaction. Expression was compared between a resistant and a susceptible potato clone, inoculated or not inoculated with G. pallida. These clones were issued from a cross between the resistant Solanum sparsipilum spl329.18 accession and the susceptible dihaploid S. tuberosum Caspar H3, and carried, respectively, resistant and susceptible alleles at the resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Analysis was done on root fragments picked up at 4 time points, during a period of 6 days after infection, from penetration of the nematode in the root to degradation of the feeding site in resistant plants. A total of 2560 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were analyzed, resulting in the detection of 46 TDFs that were up- or downregulated. The number of TDFs that were up- or downregulated increased with time after inoculation. The majority of TDFs were upregulated at only 1 or 2 time points in response to infection. After isolation and sequencing of the TDFs of interest, a subset of 36 sequences were identified, among which 22 matched plant sequences and 2 matched nematode sequences. Some of the TDFs that matched plant genes showed clear homologies to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, transcription regulation, resistance downstream signalling pathways, and defense mechanisms. Other sequences with homologies to plant genes of unknown function or without any significant similarity to known proteins were also found. Although not exhaustive, these results represent the most extensive list of genes with altered RNA levels after the incompatible G. pallida–potato interaction that has been published to date. The function of these genes could provide insight into resistance or plant defense mechanisms during incompatible potato-cyst nematode interactions.

scholarly journals Leptin signaling regulates physiological damage and host-pathogen cooperation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina K. Sanchez ◽  
Katia Troha ◽  
Sarah Stengel ◽  
Janelle S. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Leptin Signaling ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Cooperative Defense ◽  
Additional Level

ABSTRACTTo combat infections, hosts employ a combination of antagonistic and cooperative defense strategies. The former refers to pathogen killing mediated by resistance mechanisms, while the latter refers to physiological defense mechanisms that promote host health during infection independent of pathogen killing, leading to an apparent cooperation between the host and the pathogen. Previous work has shown that leptin, a pleiotropic hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy metabolism, is indispensable for resistance mechanisms, while a role for leptin signaling in cooperative host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Using a mouse model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) infection, the causative agent of Far East scarlet-like fever, we unexpectedly found that genetic inhibition of leptin signaling conferred protection from Yptb infection due to increased host-pathogen cooperation rather than greater resistance defenses. The protection against Yptb infection was not due to differences in food consumption, lipolysis or fat mass. Furthermore, we found that the survival advantage was associated with increased liver damage and dysfunction. Our work reveals an additional level of complexity for the role of leptin in infection defense and suggests that in some contexts, in addition to tolerating the pathogen, tolerating organ damage and dysfunction is more beneficial for survival than preventing the damage.

scholarly journals An Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Reverses the Defensive Effect of Abscisic Acid in a Susceptible Soybean Cultivar

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Alazem ◽  
Kristin Widyasari ◽  
Kook-Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Rapid Induction

In soybean cultivar L29, the Rsv3 gene is responsible for extreme resistance (ER) against the soybean mosaic virus avirulent strain G5H, but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Part of this ER is attributed to the rapid increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and callose, and to the rapid induction of several genes in the RNA-silencing pathway. Whether these two defense mechanisms are correlated or separated in the ER is unknown. Here, we found that ABA treatment of L29 plants increased the expression of several antiviral RNA-silencing genes as well as the PP2C3a gene, which was previously shown to increase callose accumulation; as a consequence, ABA increased the resistance of L29 plants to G7H. The effect of ABA treatment on these genes was weaker in the rsv3-null cultivar (Somyungkong) than in L29. Besides, G5H-infection of Somyungkong plants subverted the effect of ABA leading to reduced callose accumulation and decreased expression of several RNA-silencing genes, which resulted in increased susceptibility to G5H infection. ABA treatment, however, still induced some resistance to G7H in Somyungkong, but only AGO7b was significantly induced. Our data suggest that Rsv3 modulates the effect of ABA on these two resistance mechanisms, i.e., callose accumulation and the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway, and that in the absence of Rsv3, some strains can reverse the effect of ABA and thereby facilitate their replication and spread.

Résistance à Globodera pallida Pa2/3 chez Solanum sparsipilum

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Mugniéry ◽  
Didier Fouville ◽  
Roland Pellé ◽  
Françoise Rousselle-Bourgeois ◽  
Jean-Paul Dantec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Solanum Sparsipilum

scholarly journals Zinc Induced Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Infected Clusterbean Seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi ◽  
Naresh Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Wet Weight

This investigation was planned to determine the effect of different concentrations of zinc (Zn) on biochemical constituents of clusterbean, which play an important role in disease resistance mechanisms. Clusterbean seedlings were grown with 0, 10, or 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments in earthen pots filled with 700 g inoculated soil. Soil was inoculated by pretreatment with 250 mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculums per pot. A similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Root rot incidence decreased to 41 and 27 per cent with 10 and 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments, respectively, as compared to 68 percent at control. Antioxidative enzyme activity (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and tyrosine ammonia lyase) increased in inoculated seedlings and was increased further by 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatment. Antioxidative enzymes play an important role against fungal invasion, as peroxidase is involved in the formation of barrier via lignifications at the site of pathogen penetration. PAL and TAL play a key role in phenylpropanoid metabolism and could perform defense-related functions. Zn acts as a cofactor for these enzymes, so it can be concluded that Zn may be used as a soil-nutritive agent to increase resistance in plants against fungal diseases.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Immediate and Short-Term Defensive Responses to Phytophthora Species Infection in Both Susceptible and Resistant Walnut Rootstocks

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-929
Author(s):  
Laureano Alvarado ◽  
Sebastián Saa ◽  
Italo F. Cuneo ◽  
Romina Pedreschi ◽  
Javiera Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Carbohydrate Dynamics

Clonal rootstocks are one alternative used by the walnut industry to control damage caused by Phytophthora species, traditionally using plants grafted on susceptible Juglans regia rootstock. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 are clonal rootstocks with a degree of resistance to Phytophthora species. The resistance to pathogens in these rootstocks depends on the resistance mechanisms activated by the presence of the pathogen and subsequent development of responses in the host. In this work, we analyzed how plants of J. regia, Vlach, VX211, and RX1 responded to inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi or Phytophthora citrophthora isolates obtained from diseased English walnut plants from Chilean orchards. After inoculation, plants of Vlach, VX211, and RX1 showed canopy and root damage indexes that did not differ from noninoculated control plants. In contrast, plants of J. regia, which is susceptible to P. cinnamomi and P. citrophthora, died after inoculation. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora showed greater root weight and volume and greater root growth rates than their respective controls. These results suggest that short-term carbohydrate dynamics may be related to the defense mechanisms of plants; they are immediately activated after inoculation through the production of phenolic compounds, which support the further growth and development of roots in walnut clonal rootstocks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes vegetative and radicular growth and the dynamics of sugars and phenols in response to infection with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora in walnut rootstocks.

Preface

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1331) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Model System ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Whole Plants

The last Royal Society Discussion Meeting on plant development, held in April 1986, focused on the establishment of specific developmental states by differential gene expression. Few plant genes or cDNAs had been sequenced, and the dramatic opportunities offered by transgenesis, use of Arabidopsis as a model system and methods such as pcr were still well below the horizon. Nevertheless, the meeting served to highlight many of the unique features of plant development including an alternation between sporophytic and gametophytic generations, the absence of a maintained germ line, an autotrophic lifestyle coupled with a sedentary existence in a constantly changing environment, an indeterminate mode of growth associated with a programme of continuous differentiation throughout the life cycle, and spectacular developmental plasticity exemplified by the ability of single cells to regenerate into whole plants.

scholarly journals Abortive Infection Mechanisms and Prophage Sequences Significantly Influence the Genetic Makeup of Emerging Lytic Lactococcal Phages

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 1482-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Labrie ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Core Genome ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Bacterial Chromosomes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Phage Population

ABSTRACT In this study, we demonstrated the remarkable genome plasticity of lytic lactococcal phages that allows them to rapidly adapt to the dynamic dairy environment. The lytic double-stranded DNA phage ul36 was used to sequentially infect a wild-type strain of Lactococcus lactis and two isogenic derivatives with genes encoding two phage resistance mechanisms, AbiK and AbiT. Four phage mutants resistant to one or both Abi mechanisms were isolated. Comparative analysis of their complete genomes, as well as morphological observations, revealed that phage ul36 extensively evolved by large-scale homologous and nonhomologous recombination events with the inducible prophage present in the host strain. One phage mutant exchanged as much as 79% of its genome compared to the core genome of ul36. Thus, natural phage defense mechanisms and prophage elements found in bacterial chromosomes contribute significantly to the evolution of the lytic phage population.

scholarly journals Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci Originating from Solanum sparsipilum Act Independently on the Sex Ratio of Globodera pallida and Together for Developing a Necrotic Reaction

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1186-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Caromel ◽  
Didier Mugniéry ◽  
Marie-Claire Kerlan ◽  
Sandra Andrzejewski ◽  
Alain Palloix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Lower Effect ◽  
Solanum Sparsipilum ◽  
Nematode Development

Plant resistance to nematodes is related to the ability of the host to reduce the development of nematode juveniles into females. Resistance to the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida, originating from the wild species Solanum sparsipilum, was dissected by a quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach. Two QTL explained 89% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL GpaVsspl on chromosome V displayedthe major effect on the cyst number (coefficient of determination [R2] = 76.6%). It restricted G. pallida development to 16.2% of juveniles, 81.5% of males, and 2.3% of females. The QTL GpaXIsspl chromosome XI displayed a lower effect on the cyst number (R2 = 12.7%). It restricted G. pallida development to 13.8% of juveniles, 35.4% of males, and 50.8% of females. Clones carrying both QTL restricted the nematode development to 58.1% juveniles, 41.1% of males, and 0.8% of females. We demonstrated that potato clones carrying both QTL showed a strong necrotic reaction in roots infected by nematodes, while no such reaction was observed in clones carrying a single QTL. This result underlines the importance to introgress together GpaVsspl and GpaXIsspl into potato cultivars, in order to reduce the density of this quarantine pest in soil and to decrease the risk of selecting overcoming G. pallida subpopulations.

scholarly journals Interplay between Candida albicans and the Antimicrobial Peptide Armory

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 950-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Swidergall ◽  
Joachim F. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Molecular Patterns

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key elements of innate immunity, which can directly kill multiple bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. The medically important fungusCandida albicanscolonizes different host niches as part of the normal human microbiota. Proliferation ofC. albicansis regulated through a complex balance of host immune defense mechanisms and fungal responses. Expression of AMPs against pathogenic fungi is differentially regulated and initiated by interactions of a variety of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on human cells. Inflammatory signaling and other environmental stimuli are also essential to control fungal proliferation and to prevent parasitism. To persist in the host,C. albicanshas developed a three-phase AMP evasion strategy, including secretion of peptide effectors, AMP efflux pumps, and regulation of signaling pathways. These mechanisms preventC. albicansfrom the antifungal activity of the major AMP classes, including cathelicidins, histatins, and defensins leading to a basal resistance. This minireview summarizes human AMP attack andC. albicansresistance mechanisms and current developments in the use of AMPs as antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Response of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) against Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Using 1H-NMR Spectroscopy

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1143
Author(s):  
Rudi Hari Murti ◽  
Enik Nurlaili Afifah ◽  
Tri Rini Nuringtyas
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Biochemical Compounds

Ralstonia solanacearum is the pathogen responsible for wilting, yield losses, and death in tomato plants. The use of resistant cultivars has been proven as the most appropriate solution to controlling this pathogen. Therefore, further study of host-plant resistance mechanisms in tomatoes is urgently needed. 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis has been used to identify the biochemical compounds that play a crucial role in the defense mechanisms of tomato against bacterial wilt. Eleven metabolites consisting of amino acids, sugars and organic acids were identified and presented at different concentrations in each cultivar. Leucine and valine were determined as distinguishable metabolites of resistant and susceptible cultivars. Permata and Hawaii 7996 as resistant cultivars had a significant decrease of valine after inoculation about 1.5–2 times compared to the susceptible cultivar (GM2). Meanwhile, the resistant cultivars had a higher level of leucine, about 1.3–1.5 times compared to the susceptible ones. Synthesis of leucine and valine are linked as a member of the pyruvate family. Therefore, the decrease in valine may be related to the higher need for leucine to form the leucine-rich receptor, which plays a role in the plant’s immune system against the bacterial wilt.

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