Reproductive mode of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in Europe: molecular evidence for predominantly asexual populations and a lack of gene flow between them

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Vorwerk ◽  
Astrid Forneck
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Asexual Populations

The genetic structure of European grape phylloxera populations, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), was analyzed using 6 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity data of 6 populations originating from northern and southern European viticultural regions was assessed for geographic differences, and the structure of 2 additional populations was examined in more detail, focusing on specific host plant and habitat charac ter istics. To test for "signatures" of clonal reproduction, different population genetic measures were applied to the data obtained from these populations. A total of 195 multilocus genotypes were detected in 360 individuals tested. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, negative FISvalues (from –0.148 to –0.658 per population), and the presence of multicopy genotypes revealed that the current major reproductive mode at each of the locations tested was asexual. The high genotypic diversity detected within and among populations, however, together with the occurrence of unique D. vitifoliae genotypes, indicates sexual recombination events took place, probably prior to the multiple introductions into Europe. The absence of overlapping genotypes between the sampling sites suggests low migration rates among the populations studied and implies that the main mode of insect dispersal is through infested plant material carried by human agency. The specific features of European D. vitifoliae habitats are illustrated to discuss the role of habitat and life cycle in the genetic structure of this globally important pest aphid species.Key words: Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, microsatellites, genetic structure, asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis.

scholarly journals Use of DNA Markers for Grape Phylloxera Population and Evolutionary Genetics: From RAPDs to SSRs and Beyond

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Tello ◽  
Astrid Forneck
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Adequate Management

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) is a major pest of cultivated grapevines (Vitis spp.), occurring in virtually all viticultural regions around the world. Different grape phylloxera strains can be found at varying levels on leaves and roots on both own-rooted plants and in plants grafted onto partially resistant rootstocks. Considering its relevance for the adequate management of the pest in infested vineyards, the analysis of its genetic diversity has received considerable attention from the scientific community in the last decades. Here, we review 25 years of DNA-based molecular markers applied to the analysis of the genetic structure and the reproductive mode of grape phylloxera in its native range and in different introduced regions. The use given to RAPD, AFLP, mtDNA sequencing and microsatellite (SSR) genetic markers for the analysis of grape phylloxera diversity is discussed, and an overview of the main findings obtained after their application to different populations collected in diverse regions all around the world is shown. Lastly, we explore how recent advancements in molecular biology and in modern high throughput genotyping technologies may be applied to better understand grape phylloxera natural diversity at a molecular level.

scholarly journals Grape Phylloxera Genetic Structure Reveals Root–Leaf Migration within Commercial Vineyards

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Jurrian Wilmink ◽  
Michael Breuer ◽  
Astrid Forneck
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
Sexual Recombination ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
Root Feeding

Depending on their life cycle, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) leaf-feeding populations are initiated through asexually produced offspring or sexual recombination. The vine’s initial foliar larvae may originate from root-feeding phylloxera or wind-drifted foliar larvae from other habitats. Though some studies have reported phylloxera leaf-feeding in commercial vineyards, it is still unclear if they are genetically distinct from the population structure of these two sources. Using seven SSR-markers, this study analyzed the genetic structure of phylloxera populations in commercial vineyards with different natural infestation scenarios and that of single-plant insect systems that exclude infestation by wind-drifted larvae. We saw that during the vegetation period, phylloxera populations predominately go through their asexual life cycle to migrate from roots to leaves. We provided evidence that such migrations do not exclusively occur through wind-drifted foliar populations from rootstock vines in abandoned thickets, but that root populations within commercial vineyards also migrate to establish V. vinifera leaf populations. Whereas the former scenario generates foliar populations with high genotypic diversity, the latter produces population bottlenecks through founder effects or phylloxera biotype selection pressure. We finally compared these population structures with those of populations in their native habitat in North America, using four microsatellite markers.

Seasonal and annual genotypic variation and the effect of climate on population genetic structure of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in northern France

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-A. Dedryver ◽  
J.-F. Le Gallic ◽  
L. Haack ◽  
F. Halkett ◽  
Y. Outreman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Northern France ◽  
High Dispersal

AbstractChanges in the genetic structure and genotypic variation of the aphid Sitobion avenae collected from cereal crops in northern France were examined by analysing variation at five microsatellite loci across several years and seasons. Little regional and temporal differentiation was detected, as shown by very low FST among populations. Repeated genotypes, significant heterozygote deficits, positive FIS values and frequent linkage disequilibria were found in nearly all samples, suggesting an overall pattern of reproductive mode variation in S. avenae populations. In addition, samples from Brittany (Bretagne) showed greater signs of asexual reproduction than those from the north of France, indicating a trend toward increasing sexuality northward. These patterns of reproductive variation in S. avenae are consistent with theoretical models of selection of aphid reproductive modes by climate. Contrasting with little changes in allelic frequencies, genotypic composition varied substantially in time and, to a lesser extent, in space. An important part of changes in genotypic arrays was due to the variation in frequency distribution of common genotypes, i.e. those that were found at several instances in the samples. Genotypic composition was also shown to vary according to climate, as genotypic diversity in spring was significantly correlated with the severity of the previous winter and autumn. We propose that the genetic homogeneity among S. avenae populations shown here across large temporal and spatial scales is the result of two forces: (i) migration conferred by high dispersal capabilities, and (ii) selection over millions of hectares of cereals (mostly wheat) bred from a narrow genetic base.

scholarly journals Evidence for host-associated clones of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Corrie ◽  
R. van Heeswijck ◽  
A.A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Life Table Parameters ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Important Pest

AbstractGrape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, is an important pest of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) (Vitaceae). Using microsatellite DNA markers it was demonstrated strong associations can exist between D. vitifoliae asexual lineages and vine host type within a vineyard. Also, in excised root bioassays, D. vitifoliae collected from three regions where different genotypic classes predominated showed host-specific differences in life table parameters of reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase. Lastly, comparisons of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase I) sequences revealed that D. vitifoliae in Australia have paraphyletic origins and fall into two clades partially related to vine host usage. These findings indicate introduction of separate lineages of D. vitifoliae which have close host associations and as such, have important implications for management of this pest in Australia.

scholarly journals Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB from Soybean in Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2132-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olutoyosi O. Ajayi-Oyetunde ◽  
Sydney E. Everhart ◽  
Patrick J. Brown ◽  
Albert U. Tenuta ◽  
Anne E. Dorrance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Evolutionary Force

Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB is an important seedling pathogen of soybean in North America and other soybean-growing regions around the world. There is no information regarding the population genetics of field populations of R. solani associated with soybean seedling disease. More specifically, information regarding genetic diversity, the mode of reproduction, and the evolutionary factors that shape different R. solani populations separated in time and space are lacking. We exploited genotyping by sequencing as a tool to assess the genetic structure of R. solani AG-2-2IIIB populations from Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario and investigate the reproductive mode of this subgroup. Our results revealed differences in genotypic diversity among three populations, with the Ontario population having greatest diversity. An overrepresentation of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and a rejection of the null hypothesis of random mating in all three populations suggested clonality within each population. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed long terminal multifurcating branches for most members of the Ontario population, suggesting a mixed reproductive mode for this population. Analysis of molecular variance revealed low levels of population differentiation, and sharing of similar MLGs among populations highlights the role of genotype flow as an evolutionary force shaping population structure of this subgroup.

Genetic structure of an introduced pest, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), in Europe

Genome ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Forneck ◽  
M. Andrew Walker ◽  
Rolf Blaich
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Grape Phylloxera ◽  
Introduced Pest
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