Hand-preference training in the mouse reveals key elements of its learning and memory process and resolves the phenotypic complexity in the behaviour

Genome ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G Biddle ◽  
Brenda A Eales
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Phenotypic Complexity ◽  
Learned Preference ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Contextual Environment

Handedness in the mouse comprises 2 different behaviours. Some strains have a conditional behaviour, in that the mice learn a direction of hand preference in response to reaching for food, whereas other strains have an innate or constitutive behaviour, and prior experience has no measurable effect on their hand preference. However, hybrids from different strains have revealed both recessive and dominant forms of constitutive hand preference. We proposed that kinetic parameters of the learning process would resolve this genetic heterogeneity as well as the phenotypic complexity in the behaviour. We conducted and report here a detailed kinetic analysis of hand-preference training in the C57BL/6J strain. It revealed elements of the fundamental process of learning and long-term memory that underlies the behaviour by documenting consolidation of memory, blocking of this consolidation by an inhibitor of protein synthesis, retention of memory, and speed of learning in response to training reaches. Furthermore, speed of learning is clearly described by 2 parameters that we call "capacity" (or maximum amount of learned preference) and "ability" (or number of training reaches to achieve half the capacity). These 2 kinetic parameters can vary independently among genetically different strains that learn a preference, and we used them to demonstrate that the respective recessive and dominant forms of constitutive hand-preference may be the consequence of a true null or loss of function and a gain of function, possibly a memory regulator, in the learning process. The quantitative measures provide a sensitive and selective method to establish the fundamental learning process underlying mouse hand preference and to demonstrate empirically how genes and contextual environment shape its phenotypic complexity.Key words: mouse, hand-preference, behavioural genetics, learning, memory, complexity, kinetics, capacity, ability, memory regulator gene.

scholarly journals Teori Pembelajaran Kognivistik dan Aplikasinya dalam Pendidikan Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217
Author(s):  
Khoirotul Ni'amah ◽  
Hafidzulloh S M
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Advanced Organizer

Learning theory will make easier for educators to carry out the form of learning that will be implemented. This article will review the theory of cognitive learning and will provide a complete understanding and explanation so that it can be applied in learning activities. This study uses a qualitative approach and includes library research. The author tries and strives to collect library data related to the cognitive theory of J. Bruner, Ausubel, and Robert M. Gagne and their actualization in Islamic Education learning enriched from several academic sources both from books, scientific articles, previous studies and other scientific writings that related to the topic of this article. The results of this study are the cognitive theory developed by J. Bruner states cognitive processes are enactive, iconic, and symbolic; Ausubel said cognitive processes occur. Advanced organizer (initial arrangement), progressive differentiation, Reconciliation reconciliation (integrative reconciliation), consolidation; Robert M. Gagne states that cognitive processes are through receptors, sensory registers, short-term memory, long-term memory, and response generators. The learning process according to cognitivism is through the stages of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration, namely the learning process is more directed. This is adjusted to the age of the students, so the stages are enactive, econic, and symbolic.

Pigments and Citrinin Biosynthesis by Fungi Belonging to Genus Monascus

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliya Pisareva ◽  
Valentin Savov ◽  
Anna Kujumdzieva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Coefficient ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Different Strains

Citrinin is a mycotoxin, which is produced by fungi belonging to the genus Monascus, known in biotechnology as producers of azaphilone pigments. The relation between biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites was investigated in different species of the genus Monascus in batch-culture at the following cultivation conditions: T = 28 °C, agitation 220 rpm, and a medium, which induce citrinin production, containing ethanol as a carbon source. The screening was carried out with 16 fungal strains and the biosynthesis of citrinin and pigments was monitored quantitatively at the standard conditions mentioned above. Some kinetic parameters of the process have been determined. The values of the growth yield coefficient YX/C were between 0.32 and 0.57. The amount of the extracellular red and orange pigments at the end of cultivation varied for the different strains between 0.09 and 1.33 OU/ mg dry weight, and 0.15 and 0.96 OU/mg dry weight, respectively. The amount of the total pigments measured was between 0.16 and 3.6 OU/mg dry weight, and between 0.21 and 3.39 OU/mg dry weight. The determined ratio 500 nm/400 nm, characterizing the pigment production, ranged between 0.60 and 1.06. Twelve of the investigated strains produced citrinin and pigments, two of them produced only pigments. Two strains were not able to produce neither pigments nor citrinin. Thus, the biosynthesis of citrinin appeared to be strain-specific and does not correlate with the pigments’ biosynthesis by the fungal strains belonging to the genus Monascus.

scholarly journals Drosophila Graf regulates mushroom body β-axon extension and olfactory long-term memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungdae Kim ◽  
Joohyung Kim ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Joong-Jean Park ◽  
Seungbok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Term Memory

AbstractLoss-of-function mutations in the humanoligophrenin-1(OPHN1) gene cause intellectual disability, a prevailing neurodevelopmental condition. However, the role OPHN1 plays during neuronal development is not well understood. We investigated the role of theDrosophilaOPHN1 ortholog Graf in the development of the mushroom body (MB), a key brain structure for learning and memory in insects. We show that loss of Graf causes abnormal crossing of the MB β lobe over the brain midline during metamorphosis. This defect inGrafmutants is rescued by MB-specific expression of Graf and OPHN1. Furthermore, MB α/β neuron-specific RNA interference experiments and mosaic analyses indicate that Graf acts via a cell-autonomous mechanism. Consistent with the negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by Graf, activation of this pathway is required for the β-lobe midline-crossing phenotype ofGrafmutants. Finally,Grafmutants have impaired olfactory long-term memory. Our findings reveal a role for Graf in MB axon development and suggest potential neurodevelopmental functions of human OPHN1.

scholarly journals SCAFFOLDINGAND REINFORCEMENT: USING DIGITAL LOGBOOKS IN LEARNING VOCABULARY

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Hasan Almabrouk Khalifa ◽  
Ahmad Affendi Shabdin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
New Words ◽  
Microsoft Word ◽  
Repetitive Learning

Reinforcement and scaffolding are tested approaches to enhance learning achievements. Keeping a record of the learning process as well as the new learned words functions as scaffolding to help learners build a comprehensive vocabulary. Similarly, repetitive learning of new words reinforces permanent learning for long-term memory. Paper-based logbooks may prove to be good records of the learning process, but if learners use digital logbooks, the results may be even better. Digital logbooks with an extended page with hyperlinked information on word-knowledge may work both ways – as scaffolding to learning as well as reinforcement to the learning process. In the present paper the researcher has suggested for the development of a software called ‘Vocabulary log book,’ which combines the features of Microsoft Word, online dictionary and online grammar books, so that the information needed by learners of a foreign language to learn its lexicon is available on a single page. The researcher believes that such a page will help learners master the new words quickly and efficiently.

scholarly journals The Method of Learning and Its Effect on Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamella Sylvia Ann Kelasi
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Past Experiences

Aim: To find out the relation between the types of learning and memory. Objective: To conclude that the types of learning relates to short term and long term memory. Background and Reason: Memory is the ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. Individuals differ in their level of memory. Its really fascinating to know the uniqueness in their memory. So the reason behind this research is to find out the uniqueness and methods followed by the individuals in their learning process. This study can also help in giving ideas to improve the memory and thus learning methods among individuals.

Effects of Acetoxycycloheximide on Appetitive Learning and Memory

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denver Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
General Motor ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Acquisition Memory

The effects of direct brain infusions of acetoxycycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis; ACXH) on acquisition, storage and recall of memory for one-trial appetitive learning were examined in five experiments. ACXH was infused into the rats' hippocampi through implanted cannulas. Control subjects received an equal volume of physiological saline. ACXH was infused (a) 5 h before acquisition, (b) 5 hr before commencement of recall tests, and (c) immediately after acquisition. Each subject's general motor activity was recording during testing. The results indicate that (1) ACXH has similar effects on appetitive and avoidance learning. (2) ACXH administered immediately after acquisition, has no effect on memory. (3) At 4 hr after acquisition memory is affected by ACXH. (4) Short-term memory is unaffected by ACXH and can exist independently of long-term memory. (5) ACXH consistently reduces general motor activity.

scholarly journals Simple Acrylic Color Technique for the Preparation of Wet Specimen in Anatomy Museum

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Shrestha ◽  
Prabhakar Yadav ◽  
Samyog Mahat ◽  
Shamsher Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Plastic Bottle ◽  
Nail Polish ◽  
Color Fading ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
The Subject

Introduction: The subject anatomy is an essential subject in medical college for students and museum with attractive, an innovative colored specimen with well-labeled specimen aids a pivotal role in the teaching and learning process. Once the specimen has been selected for coloring, undergoes fixation, acrylic paint coloring, plastic bottle mounting and proper labeling for better visualization of the structure.  Method: We have utilized a simple acrylic color method for painting the gross specimen available for the teaching and learning process from well-embalmed cadavers. The materials required are acrylic color paint, brush, clear nail polish, glycerin, clear plastic bottle, 10% formaldehyde and can be performed at room temperature. Result: The acrylic coloring technique of wet specimen makes specimen attractive which is cost-effective, non-toxic, creates great interest and aids long term memory to the student. Conclusion: The acrylic painted wet gross specimen with clear plastic bottle mounting remains stable in 10% formalin without color fading and makes students a better understanding of the subject.  

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural Changes of the Symbiotic Chlorella-Like Alga Isolated from Hydra Viridis

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
K.W. Lee ◽  
R.H. Meints ◽  
D. Kuczmarski ◽  
J.L. Van Etten
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Reciprocal Cross ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Green Hydra ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Hydra Viridis

The physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of the symbiotic relationship between the Chlorella-like algae and the hydra have been intensively investigated. Reciprocal cross-transfer of the Chlorellalike algae between different strains of green hydra provide a system for the study of cell recognition. However, our attempts to culture the algae free of the host hydra of the Florida strain, Hydra viridis, have been consistently unsuccessful. We were, therefore, prompted to examine the isolated algae at the ultrastructural level on a time course.

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