Influence of ingestion rate and food types on cadmium accumulation by the aquatic insect Chaoborus

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Munger ◽  
Landis Hare
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Chaoborus Punctipennis ◽  
Consumption Rates

We measured the influence of two food-related variables, prey type and ingestion rate, on Cd uptake by larvae of the aquatic insect Chaoborus punctipennis. Larvae collected from a low-Cd lake (0.1 nM total dissolved Cd) were held in the laboratory where they were exposed to water and to various quantities of either copepods (Diaptomus minutus) or cladocerans (Diaphanosoma birgei) from a high-Cd lake (1 nM total dissolved Cd). The Cd content of larvae exposed to the metal in water only did not increase, confirming the results of previous experiments in which food was demonstrated to be the major Cd source for C. punctipennis larvae. Prey type did not influence predator Cd content, likely because Cd concentrations in the two prey types were approximately the same (~10 µg Cd·g-1) and because Cd was assimilated with the same efficiency by the predator from the two prey types. Cadmium assimilation efficiencies were greater at low prey ingestion rates (nearly 100%) than at high prey ingestion rates (~30%), which is likely explained by a shorter residence time of food in the gut at high prey consumption rates.

The Effect of Temperature and Food Concentration On Ingestion Rates of Quinqueloculina Seminula On the Diatom Nitzschia Closterium

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Lei ◽  
Chengchun Li ◽  
Tiegang Li ◽  
Zhimin Jian
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Food Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Organic Detritus ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Nitzschia Closterium

Abstract The majority of sediment-dwelling foraminifera are thought to be deposit feeders. They use their reticulopodia to gather sediment with associated algae, organic detritus, and bacteria. Uptake of diatoms by foraminifera have been observed but rarely quantified. We measured the clearance (gathering) rate and ingestion rate of diatoms by the common benthic foraminifer Quinqueloculina seminula using Nitzschia closterium as prey under laboratory culture conditions. Grazing experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of temperature (at 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24°C) and food availability (10 to 800 cells mm−2) on uptake rates of diatoms. The clearance rates, estimated from the disappearance of food items, were variable (0.59–4.4 mm2 foram−1 h−1) and did not show a clear relationship with food availability. The maximum clearance rates increased from 1.80 ± 0.21 to 2.69 ± 0.32 mm2 foram−1 h−1 when temperature increased from 12 to 18°C and decreased to 2.28 ± 0.25 mm2 foram−1 h−1 at 24°C. Ingestion rates varied from 1.0 to 43 × 103 diatoms foram−1 h−1, following a hyperbolic response to food concentrations at all experimental temperatures. The maximum individual ingestion rates increased from 842 ± 180 to 1648 ± 480 (mean ± SE) cells foram−1 h−1 and then decreased to 316 ± 54 cells foram−1 h−1 as temperature increased from 12 to 24°C. Experimental results revealed that 12–18°C was the optimal temperature range for Q. seminula feeding for specimens adapted to local conditions. Our study indicates that Q. seminula plays an ecological role by feeding upon benthic diatoms in marine benthic ecosystems.

Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides of four predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae attacking Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew GS Cuthbertson ◽  
James J Mathers ◽  
Pat Croft ◽  
Nicola Nattriss ◽  
Lisa F Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Thrips Palmi ◽  
The Family ◽  
Consumption Rates

scholarly journals Interactions Between the Kleptoplastidic Dinoflagellate Shimiella gracilenta and Several Common Heterotrophic Protists

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Ah Park ◽  
Hae Jin Jeong ◽  
Jin Hee Ok ◽  
Hee Chang Kang ◽  
Ji Hyun You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Prey Concentration ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Planktonic Food ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Algal Prey

The newly described dinoflagellate, Shimiella gracilenta, is known to survive for approximately 1 month on the plastids of ingested prey cells during starvation, indicating kleptoplastidy. To understand the population dynamics of this dinoflagellate in marine planktonic food webs, its growth and mortality rate due to predation should be assessed. Thus, we investigated the feeding occurrence of eight common heterotrophic protists on S. gracilenta. We also determined the growth and ingestion rates of Oxyrrhis marina and the naked ciliate, Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta as a function of the prey concentration. The common heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs) Gyrodinium dominans, O. marina, and Pfiesteria piscicida and a naked ciliate Rimostrombidium sp. were able to feed on S. gracilenta; whereas the HTDs Aduncodinium glandula, Gyrodinium jinhaense, Oblea rotunda, and Polykrikos kofoidii were not. Shimiella gracilenta supported positive growth of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. but did not support that of G. dominans and P. piscicida. With increasing prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta increased and became saturated. The maximum growth rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta were 0.645 and 0.903 day−1, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum ingestion rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta were 0.11 ng C predator day−1 (1.6 cells predator−1 day−1) and 35 ng C predator day−1 (500 cells predator−1 day−1), respectively. The maximum ingestion rate of O. marina on S. gracilenta was lower than that on any other algal prey reported to date, although its maximum growth rate was moderate. In conclusion, S. gracilenta had only a few common heterotrophic protist predators but could support moderate growth rates of the predators. Thus, S. gracilenta may not be a common prey species for diverse heterotrophic protists but may be a suitable prey for a few heterotrophic protists.

scholarly journals Effect of microalgal diets on filtration and ingestion rates of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasree Loka ◽  
K.K. Philipose ◽  
S.M. Sonali
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rotifer Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Chaetoceros Calcitrans

Effect of marine microalgal diet on filtration and ingestion rates of Brachionus plicatilis was studied. Marine microalgae viz., Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans and a combination of N. oculata and I. galbana (Nanno+Iso) at different cell concentrations were selected for the experiment and triplicates were maintained for each feed. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the filtration and ingestion rates of B. plicatilis, between the treatments. Peak filtration rate of 12.2x10-5 cells ml-1 ind-1 min-1 was recorded in B. plicatilis fed with Nanno+Iso, followed by I. galbana. Ingestion rate was found to be significantly high (p<0.05) for those fed with C. calcitrans, followed by Nanno+Iso. Filtration rate was significantly high (p<0.05) in rotifers stocked at an initial density of 50 nos. ml-1 fed with Nanno+Iso. The results indicated that a combination of Nanno and Iso is the best suitable microalgal diet for rotifer with peak filtration (12.2x10-5cells ml-1 ind-1 min-1) and ingestion (5.4x10-3 cells ml-1 ind-1 min-1) rates during the first 60 min.

scholarly journals Reducing Cadmium Accumulation in Plants: Structure–Function Relations and Tissue-Specific Operation of Transporters in the Spotlight

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Huang ◽  
Songpo Duan ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Min Yu ◽  
Sergey Shabala
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Tissue Specific

Cadmium (Cd) is present in many soils and, when entering the food chain, represents a major health threat to humans. Reducing Cd accumulation in plants is complicated by the fact that most known Cd transporters also operate in the transport of essential nutrients such as Zn, Fe, Mn, or Cu. This work summarizes the current knowledge of mechanisms mediating Cd uptake, radial transport, and translocation within the plant. It is concluded that real progress in the field may be only achieved if the transport of Cd and the above beneficial micronutrients is uncoupled, and we discuss the possible ways of achieving this goal. Accordingly, we suggest that the major focus of research in the field should be on the structure–function relations of various transporter isoforms and the functional assessment of their tissue-specific operation. Of specific importance are two tissues. The first one is a xylem parenchyma in plant roots; a major “controller” of Cd loading into the xylem and its transport to the shoot. The second one is a phloem tissue that operates in the last step of a metal transport. Another promising and currently underexplored avenue is to understand the role of non-selective cation channels in Cd uptake and reveal mechanisms of their regulation.

scholarly journals Effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid on the growth and cadmium accumulation of lettuce under cadmium stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 07002
Author(s):  
Le Liang ◽  
Wanjia Tang ◽  
Xuemei Peng ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Han Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Toxicity ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Exogenous Iaa

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays crucial roles in plant growth and stress tolerance. In present study, the effects of spraying different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L) of IAA on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were investigated. The lettuce exposed to Cd exhibited a substantial decline in growth, and the Cd content of them significantly increased. Spraying exogenous IAA resulted in alleviating the inhibitory of Cd toxicity to lettuce. The dry weight in shoots of lettuce increased by spraying with IAA compared with the Cd treatment alone, but the dry weight of roots had no significantly differences. Although exogenous IAA increased the root Cd content, it significantly reduced shoot Cd content, indicating its role in Cd transport. Therefore, spraying IAA effectively alleviated Cd toxicity and reduced Cd uptake in the edible parts of lettuce, and the 100 μmol/L IAA was the optimal dose.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal distribution of gerrid (Heteroptera) and predation on microcrustaceans from a tropical shallow lake

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Domingos ◽  
M. S. Arcifa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Size Selectivity ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Adult Insect

Abstract Predator-prey interactions involving an aquatic insect and zooplanktonic prey of different sizes were investigated to quantify prey mortality exposed to predators. Laboratory experiments were undertaken with the young and adult gerrid Rheumatobates crassifemur to test predation and size selectivity on the cladocerans Daphnia gessneri, Ceriodaphnia richardi, and Bosmina tubicen. Population fluctuations and spatial distribution of the gerrid were also evaluated in a small and shallow Brazilian lake throughout 12 months in fortnightly samples. The insects were more abundant in the littoral (mean density 7.0 ± 1.2 ind.m–2) compared to the limnetic zone. The period with the highest densities was late January to June, in both zones. Predation by young instars on Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia was significant (mean ingestion rate of 1.3 ± 0.1 D. gessneri and 0.7 ± 0.1 C. richardi per predator per hour). Adult insect fed only the large-sized prey (mean ingestion rate of 1.0 ± 0.1 D. gessneri per predator per hour). Young gerrids have greater potential to prey on cladocerans than adults, and size selectivity occurred for both predators. Preference of adults by the larger prey is probably related to difficulties in manipulating smaller planktonic prey, such as Ceriodaphnia. Due to higher densities of insects in the littoral, higher predation on zooplankton in this zone is expected. This study does contribute to a better understanding of trophic interactions in tropical shallow lakes and is the first to investigate predation of a gerrid on cladocerans in laboratory experiments.

scholarly journals Conspecifics, not plant reproductive tissues, reduce omnivore prey consumption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rinehart ◽  
J.D. Long
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Intraspecific Interactions ◽  
Conspecific Density ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractPlant reproductive tissues (PRTs) can decrease (via reduced consumption) or increase (via numerical response) an omnivores consumption of animal prey. Although PRTs can increase predation pressure through numerical responses of omnivores, PRTs may also suppress predation by increasing omnivore interactions with conspecifics. Despite this potential, studies of the impacts of PRTs on predation by omnivores often overlook the effect of these tissues on intraspecific interactions between omnivores. We designed three studies to examine how PRTs and conspecific density impact prey consumption by ladybeetle omnivores. First, we assessed how PRTs impact scale insect consumption by isolated ladybeetles. Second, we measured how PRTs influence ladybeetle prey suppression when numerical responses were possible. Third, because initial experiments suggested the consumption rates of individual ladybeetles depended upon conspecific density, we compared per capita consumption rates of ladybeetles across ladybeetle density. PRTs did not influence prey consumption by isolated ladybeetles. When numerical responses were possible, PRTs did not influence total predation on prey despite increasing ladybeetle density, suggesting that PRTs decreased per capita prey consumption by ladybeetles. The discrepancy between our lab and field studies is likely a consequence of differences in ladybeetle density - the presence of only two other conspecifics decreased per capita prey consumption by 76%. Our findings suggest that PRTs may not alter the population level effects of omnivores on prey when omnivore numerical responses are offset by reductions in per capita predation rate.

scholarly journals Variation in energy intake of female chimpanzees: comparing estimates based on feeding time versus energy ingestion rates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreen Uwimbabazi ◽  
Richard W Wrangham ◽  
Zarin P Machanda ◽  
Nancy L Conklin-Brittain ◽  
Jessica M Rothman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nutritional Studies

Different food items can provide calories at different rates, yet nutritional studies of primates are generally based on the proportion of time spent eating different foods. Accordingly, estimates of energy intake are potentially wrong. To assess the importance of this problem we observed 15 female chimpanzees from the Kanyawara chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park, Uganda for 15 months. Feeding rates were recorded and nutritional analyses assembled for 90 food types. Across all foods the mean estimated rate of energy ingestion was 8.8±7.6 Kcals/min. Energy ingestion rates varied among food types (F8,82,=2.24, p<0.05), being higher for ripe fruits (12.2±8.7Kcals/min) than for young leaves (7.8±7.9Kcals/min), piths (6.0±5.2Kcals/min) or seeds (2.8±1.9Kcals/min). Energy ingestion rates estimated assuming high %NDF fermentation (54.3%) were significantly higher than the rates at zero (0%) fermentation (t=6.14, p<0.01). At 54.3% NDF fermentation, estimated energy ingestion rate rose by 20.5% for ripe fruits (9.7 to 12.2 Kcals/min), and by 39.7% for young leaves (4.7 to 7.8Kcals/min). Chimpanzees spent a mean of 304±80 minutes feeding daily, indicating that daily energy intake averaged to 3029 ±1198Kcal. When chimpanzees spent >60% of feeding time on ripe fruits (N=79 days), the average energy intake (3367Kcal) was significantly higher than when they spent >60% of feeding time on herbaceous vegetation (2409Kcal, N=37 days) (F1,114=12.68, p<0.01). Our results highlight the value of using feeding rates to understand chimpanzee nutrition, and suggest that seasonal fluctuation in nutrient intake is more pronounced than indicated by variation in feeding time.

scholarly journals Diets and Seasonal Ingestion Rates of Aurelia coerulea (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) Polyps by in situ Feeding Experiments in Jiaozhou Bay, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Pengpeng ◽  
Zhang Fang ◽  
Guo Dongjie ◽  
Sun Song
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Jiaozhou Bay ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Aurelia Coerulea ◽  
Feeding Experiments

The benthic scyphopolyp population is an important stage in the scyphozoan lifecycle. Nevertheless, few studies have detailed the natural feeding and quantified the energy flux of polyps based on field research. To better understand the scyphopolyp natural diet and seasonal variation patterns in the ingestion rate, in situ feeding experiments were conducted on Aurelia coerulea polyps in Jiaozhou Bay, China from August 2018 to April 2019. The diet of A. coerulea polyps was determined by gut content analysis. Digestion rates were also measured. Ingestion rates, based on the gut contents and digestion rates, were assessed monthly. Copepods, copepod nauplii, and ciliates were identified in the guts of A. coerulea polyps. Copepods with the bulk of total prey intake in number are an important source of nutrition for A. coerulea polyps in Jiaozhou Bay. Prey capture of A. coerulea polyps (prey polyp–1) varied among months, and was highly dependent upon the abundance of planktonic prey in the habitat. Copepods and copepod nauplii were digested more rapidly as temperature increased. Carbon weight-specific ingestion rate exhibited an obvious seasonal change, with the mean value of 0.13 ± 0.12 μg C μg C–1 d–1. More rapid digestion of prey at higher temperatures and larger prey availability would cause a higher ingestion rate in polyps. Scyphopolyps are widely distributed predators in littoral ecosystems and they may play an important role in plankton–benthos coupling by transferring energy from the water column to the benthos. Massive scyphopolyps blooms may influence pelagic ecosystems.

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