Nucleic acids and enzymes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) differing in condition and growth rate trajectories

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Denis Dutil ◽  
Yvan Lambert ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Pierre U Blier ◽  
Dany Pelletier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Feeding Regimes

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to one of four feeding regimes, 16 weeks of food deprivation (U) or satiation feeding (F) or two 8-week periods of food deprivation followed by satiation feeding (UF) or vice versa (FU), to determine whether relationships between nucleic acids or enzymes and growth rates result from a general enhancement of individual condition or are a direct result of enhanced growth rates. Final condition factor (K) differed between treatments, but did not differ between the mixed treatments after either 8 weeks of negative growth (FU) or 8 weeks of positive growth (UF). Intestinal cytochrome c oxidase activity matched the expected short-term growth rates, not only in fed and unfed fish but also in cod exposed to the mixed treatments (FU and UF). White muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity reflected growth rates, but initial levels were not reached within 8 weeks in FU cod. The liver glutamate pyruvate transaminase : DNA ratio reflected differences in K, but not differences in recent growth rates. Myofibrillar proteins decreased in unfed cod, while sarcoplasmic proteins followed changes in K more closely. The RNA:DNA ratio in white muscle did not reflect changes in K or changes in growth rates.

Natural mortality from poor condition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Denis Dutil ◽  
Yvan Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Poor Condition

The extent of energy depletion was assessed in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in spring and early summer (1993-1995) to assess relationships between poor condition and natural mortality. Several indices of condition were compared in wild fish in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and in fish exposed to a prolonged period of starvation in laboratory experiments. Discriminant analyses classified only a small fraction of the wild fish as similar to cod that did not survive and a much larger fraction as similar to cod that survived starvation. This percentage increased from April to May and peaked in June 1993 and 1994. Condition factor and muscle somatic index allowed a clear distinction between live and dead fish. Muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity suggested that cod had experienced a period of negative growth early in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Fish classified as similar to starved individuals were characterized by a higher gonad to liver mass ratio than others. Reproduction may have a negative impact on survival not only in spring but also later into summer, as some individuals were found not to have recovered by late summer. This study shows that natural mortality from poor condition contributed to lower production in the early 1990s.

Effects of Intermediate and Low Salinity Conditions on Growth Rate and Food Conversion of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 1569-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Lambert ◽  
Jean-Denis Dutil ◽  
Jean Munro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

Growth rates of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were measured under different salinity conditions to test the hypothesis that growth would be best in an isosmotic environment. The results of two experiments (spring and autumn 1991) conducted at three different salinities (7, 14, and 28‰) and two feeding regimes indicate a significant effect of salinity and ration on growth rate. Within each experiment, growth rates were highest for cod maintained in intermediate salinity conditions (14‰). Growth rates in low salinity conditions (7‰) were higher than in seawater (28‰) during the spring, but during the autumn, growth rates of cod held under low salinity conditions and in seawater were similar. Higher growth rates at lower salinities resulted from an increase in food conversion efficiency. They were not associated with an increase in food intake, changes in composition (proteins, lipids, or water), or relative allocation of energy to the tissues (muscle, liver, and gonads) of cod. The results indicate that rearing cod at intermediate salinities, such as would occur in estuaries or coastal regions, could confer an advantage for cod aquaculture.

Growth Rates and Protein Turnover in Atlantic Cod,Gadus morhua

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Houlihan ◽  
S. J. Hall ◽  
C. Gray ◽  
B. S. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were maintained on different ration levels or starved to produce a variety of growth rates. The in vivo rates of protein synthesis and degradation were determined for the whole fish and various tissues. As ration level, and hence growth rates, increased, both whole-animal protein synthesis and degradation rates increased linearly; growth occurred because of the preponderance of synthesis over degradation. On average, a 300-g cod growing at 1.0%∙d−1synthesised 1.25 g of protein with 0.4 g of this protein remaining as growth. The proportion of total protein synthesis which was retained as growth increased with increasing growth rate; at a maximum growth rate of 2%∙d−1, over 40% of the protein synthesised was retained as growth. The ranking of the tissues in terms of fractional rates of protein synthesis was liver > gills > intestine > spleen > ventricle > stomach > gonads > white muscle. The white muscle, gills, liver, stomach, spleen, and ventricle all showed similar patterns of increased protein synthesis with increased growth rate. The white muscle has the highest efficiency of retention of protein and accounts for 40% of the total protein accretion per day. In starving fish there was a constant level of protein synthesis, irrespective of the rate of weight loss. However, degradation rates increased in the whole animal and in white muscle as the rate of weight loss increased.

Effect of different feeding regimes on growth in juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

Aquaculture ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 364-365 ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette Hanssen ◽  
Albert K. Imsland ◽  
Atle Foss ◽  
Erik Vikingstad ◽  
Marit Bjørnevik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Feeding Regimes

Relationships Between RNA–DNA Ratio, Prey Density, and Growth Rate in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Larvae

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dna And Rna

The protein, DNA, and RNA content of larvae maintained at 1.0 plankter/mL increased at the rates of 9.3, 9.9, and 9.8% per day, respectively, for the 5 wk after hatching. Protein reserves of larvae held at 0 or 0.2 plankters/mL were depleted by 45 and 35%, respectively, prior to death 12–13 d after hatching. Starved larvae had similar protein concentrations (percent of dry weight), lower RNA concentrations, and higher DNA concentrations than fed larvae. Larvae held at higher plankton densities had higher RNA–DNA ratios and faster growth rates than larvae held at lower plankton densities. The RNA–DNA ratio was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with the protein growth rate. The RNA–DNA ratio appears to be a useful index of nutritional status in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and may be useful for determining if cod larvae were in a period of rapid or slow growth at the time of capture. Key words: RNA–DNA ratio, starvation, protein, nucleic acids, growth, larval fish, Atlantic cod

scholarly journals Genetic characteristics of broodstock collected from four Norwegian coastal cod (Gadus morhua) populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Dahle ◽  
K.E. Jørstad ◽  
H.E. Rusaas ◽  
H. Otterå
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Initial Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spawning Sites

Abstract The aquaculture industry in Norway is now focused on developing economically viable farming based on the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Extensive research has been carried out on this species for the past two decades, much of it in connection with stock enhancement. Until now, most of the intensive cage culture has been based on wild broodstock. However, a future cod aquaculture industry must be based on a domesticated broodstock, and the initial selection of wild cod becomes an important issue. Genetic differentiation between coastal cod populations in Norway has been reported, and it is of interest to evaluate offspring from some of these populations under farmed conditions. Live mature cod were collected at four selected spawning sites along the Norwegian coast (Porsangerfjord, Tysfjord, Herøy/Helgeland, and Øygarden). The fish were transported to Parisvatnet, a cod aquaculture facility west of Bergen, where they were kept in net pens. Individual tagging and extensive sampling (blood, white muscle, and fin clips) for genetic characterization were carried out. Each potential broodstock fish was genotyped at the haemoglobin and pantophysin I loci in addition to five allozyme (LDH-3∗, GPD∗, IDH-2∗, PGM∗, PGI-1∗) and ten microsatellite loci (Gmo2, Gmo3, Gmo8, Gmo19, Gmo34, Gmo35, Gmo36, Gmo37, Gmo132, Tch11). Comparison of allele frequencies revealed significant genetic differences among some of the coastal cod samples, and offspring performance of the broodstock is now being compared under farmed conditions. The overall test revealed significant genetic differences among the coastal broodstocks, with the HbI, PanI and the microsatellite Gmo132 loci being most informative.

Dietary influence on quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Effect on glycolysis and buffering capacity in white muscle

Aquaculture ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 252 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 409-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddhild Førde-Skjærvik ◽  
Olaf Skjærvik ◽  
Turid Mørkøre ◽  
Magny S. Thomassen ◽  
Kjell-Arne Rørvik
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Buffering Capacity

Muscle growth and development in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.), related to different somatic growth rates

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (15) ◽  
pp. 2111-2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Galloway ◽  
E. Kjorsvik ◽  
H. Kryvi
Keyword(s):  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Feeding

The present study describes the development of the axial musculature in first-feeding larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with different somatic growth rates achieved by using different nutritional conditions. Muscle growth was assessed by determining the number of muscle fibres (hyperplasia) and the growth of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Larvae were fed rotifers containing a high (1. 4; treatment 1) or low (0.2; treatment 2) ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid from day 5 after hatching. From day 17, the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii with the same enrichment in both treatments. Treatment 1 gave the highest somatic growth rate and hence the highest dry mass at the end of the experiment, but no difference in larval standard length was found between treatments. In slow-growing larvae, higher priority was thus put into reaching a certain length than into increasing muscle mass. The largest fibres, which were present from hatching, increased in cross-sectional area during larval development, but no differences were found between treatments in the cross-sectional area of individual fibres or the total cross-sectional area of these fibres at the end of the experiment. The first white recruitment fibres were observed at the dorsal and ventral apices of the myotome at approximately the onset of first feeding (larval length 4.5 mm). In larvae 8.5 mm long, the total cross-sectional area of white muscle fibres in the treatment 2 group was 75 % of that in the treatment 1 group. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to axial white muscle growth. In the faster-growing larval group, the relative contribution of hyperplasia to the total white muscle cross-sectional area was 50 %, whereas it was 41 % in the slower-growing larval group. The subsequent growth potential may thus be negatively affected by inadequate larval feeding.

Comparison of size-at-age of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from different populations based on size- and temperature-dependent growth models

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Folkvord
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Growth

This study presents the first intraspecific evaluation of larval growth performance across several different experimental scales, environments, and regions of a marine fish species. Size- and temperature-dependent growth models for larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are developed based on selected laboratory experiments with cod fed in excess. Observed sizes-at-age of cod from several experiments and stocks are compared with predictions from the models using initial size and ambient temperature history as inputs. Comparisons with results from other laboratory experiments reveal that the model predictions represent relatively high growth rates. Results from enclosure experiments under controlled seminatural conditions generally provide growth rates similar to those predicted from the models. The models therefore produce suitable reference growth predictions against which field-based growth estimates can be compared. These comparisons suggest that surviving cod larvae in the sea typically grow at rates close to their size- and temperature-dependent capacity. This suggests that climatic influences will strongly affect the year-to-year variations in growth of cod during their early life history owing to their markedly temperature-dependent growth potential.

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