Size Scaling of Whole-Body Maximal Enzyme Activities in Aquatic Crustaceans

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonn A. Berges ◽  
James S. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The relationships between body size and maximal activities of eight enzymes were measured in whole-body homogenates of the crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia franciscana, and Daphnia magna. Interspecifically and intraspecificaily, enzyme activities per animal (Y) scale with protein weight (W) according to the allometric relationship Y = aWb. Scaling exponents (b) varied with the enzyme examined and were usually different from 0.75. For enzymes such as citrate synthase, intraspecific and interspecific exponents were similar, but for enzymes associated with pathways other than aerobic metabolism, significant differences were found between species. For anaerobic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, these differences may relate to interspecific differences in life history and ecology. For anabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, differences may relate to differences in growth rates between species.

scholarly journals Whole body and muscle energy metabolism in preruminant calves: effects of nutrient synchrony and physical activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost J. G. C. van den Borne ◽  
Jean-François Hocquette ◽  
Martin W. A. Verstegen ◽  
Walter J. J. Gerrits
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Oxidative Enzyme ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Energy ◽  
Body Heat

The effects of asynchronous availability of amino acids and glucose on muscle composition and enzyme activities in skeletal muscle were studied in preruminant calves. It was hypothesized that decreased oxidative enzyme activities in muscle would explain a decreased whole body heat production with decreasing nutrient synchrony. Preruminant calves were assigned to one of six degrees of nutrient synchrony, step-wise separating the intake of protein and lactose over the two daily meals. Calves at the most synchronous treatment received two identical meals daily. At the most asynchronous treatment, 85 % of the daily protein and 20 % of the daily lactose supply were fed in one meal and the remainder in the other meal. Daily intakes of all dietary ingredients were identical for all treatments. Oxidative enzyme activities and fat content increased with decreasing nutrient synchrony inM. Rectus Abdominis(RA), but not inM. Semitendinosus. Cytochrome-c-oxidase activity was positively correlated with fat content in RA (r0·49;P < 0·01). Oxidative enzyme activities in both muscles were not correlated with average daily heat production, but citrate synthase activity in RA was positively correlated (P < 0·01) with the circadian amplitude (r0·53) and maximum (r0·61) of heat production associated with physical activity. In conclusion, this study indicates that muscle energy stores are regulated by nutrient synchrony. The lack of correlation between muscle oxidative enzyme activities and average daily heat production was in contrast with findings in human subjects. Therefore, oxidative enzyme activity in muscle should not be used as an indicator for whole body heat production in growing calves.

Maternal influence and population differences in activities of mitochondrial and glycolytic enzymes in emergent sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Patterson ◽  
H Guderley ◽  
P Bouchard ◽  
J S Macdonald ◽  
A P Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Performance Requirement ◽  
Maternal Influences ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Specific Activities

Full-sib groups were created from two reproductively isolated sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations, Weaver and Gates creeks, to test the hypotheses that prefed, emergent fry from different populations have different energetic capacities as revealed by whole-body maximal enzyme activities and that maternal influences account for a large portion of the variability in enzyme activities within fry populations. Weaver fry had higher mass-specific activities for lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase as well as higher protein-specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase. We ascribed these higher enzyme activities to the associated performance requirement of a more difficult prefeeding fry migration for Weaver fry. There were significant differences in mass- and protein-specific enzyme activities for all three enzymes among maternal broodlines within each population, suggesting that genetic differences existed among families. This study of maximal enzyme activities in juvenile sockeye highlights the importance of maternal influences, potential adaptive significance of differences in metabolic capacity, and the need for examining cellular physiology in an ecological perspective.

scholarly journals Rat uterine microbiochemistry: metabolic enzyme activities stimulated by 17-beta-estradiol are localized in epithelial cells.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Holt ◽  
E Rhe
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Estradiol Treatment

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27), citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7), and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH; EC 1.1.1.35) activities were determined in each of the three major cell types of rat uterus, i.e., epithelial, stromal, and smooth muscle, using quantitative microanalytical techniques. Adult ovariectomized rats were treated with 17-beta-estradiol to determine the time course and dose response (0.025-50 micrograms/300-g rat) effect of estrogen on enzyme activity of each type of uterine cell. The use of "oil well" and enzyme-cycling microtechniques to determine the time course and the dose responses of enzyme activity changes required microassays involving 1595 microdissected single cell specimens. Estradiol treatment increased epithelial LDH, CS and beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH activity but had no effect on these enzymes in the stroma or in smooth muscle cells. The estradiol-stimulated peak enzyme activities on Day 4 in the intervention group are compared with those in the ovariectomized rat controls as follows: LDH, 44.5 +/- 3.5 vs 22.3 +/- 3.9; CS, 3.5 +/- 0.2 vs 1.5 +/- 0.6; beta-OH-acyl-CoA-H, 3.5 +/- 0.32 vs 2.2 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard deviation; mol/kg/hr). Stromal cell activities (LDH, 7.4 +/- 1.0; CS, 1.2 +/- 0.2; beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH, 0.9 +/- 0.1) were significantly lower than epithelial cell levels and were similar to smooth muscle levels. Therefore, even in the ovariectomized animal epithelial cells have markedly higher metabolic activity compared with adjacent cells. The enzyme activities are expressed as moles of substrate reacting per kilogram of dry weight per hour. All three enzymes exhibited a 17-beta-estradiol-induced dose response between 0.025-0.15 micrograms/300-g rat. The three enzymes studied all had similar response patterns to estrogen. The effect of estradiol was restricted to epithelial cells, with enzyme activities increasing to maximal levels after approximately 96 hr of hormone treatment. This study therefore not only confirms the specific and differential metabolic responses of uterine cells to estradiol treatment, but clearly demonstrates that marked metabolic differences exist between epithelial cells and stromal or smooth muscle uterine cells.

Cytokines increase rat lung antioxidant enzymes during exposure to hyperoxia

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 1003-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. White ◽  
P. Ghezzi ◽  
S. McMahon ◽  
C. A. Dinarello ◽  
J. E. Repine
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Pretreatment with the combination of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin (TNF/C) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lungs of rats continuously exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h, a time when all untreated rats had already died. Pretreatment with TNF/C and IL-1 also increased, albeit slightly, lung G6PDH and GR activities of rats exposed to hyperoxia for 4 or 16 h. By comparison, no differences occurred in lung antioxidant enzyme activities of TNF/C and IL-1- or saline-pretreated rats exposed to hyperoxia for 36 or 52 h; the latter is a time just before untreated rats began to succumb during exposure to hyperoxia. The results raise the possibility that TNF/C and IL-1 treatment can increase lung antioxidant enzyme activities and that increased lung antioxidant enzymes may contribute to the increased survival of TNF/C and IL-1-pretreated rats in hyperoxia for greater than 72 h.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cardiac surgery

Perfusion ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dogra ◽  
GD Puri ◽  
SS Rana
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Dehydrogenase Deficiency ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Anaesthetic Management ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Free Radical Production ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in its conventional form involves many processes leading to free radical production, such as perioperative ischemia, reperfusion, circulation of whole body blood through the CPB circuit, hypothermia and acidosis. The red blood cells of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient person are unable to scavenge these free radicals, resulting in haemolysis. Here, we describe the successful anaesthetic management of two G6PD-deficient children who underwent cardiac surgery, on and off CPB, without any obvious haemolytic reaction, followed by a discussion of the disorder, with specific consideration of perioperative management of such cases.

CYCLISCHE SCHWANKUNGEN DER AKTIVITÄTEN VON HYDROXYSTEROID-DEHYDROGENASEN IM CORPUS LUTEUM DES RINDES

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-384
Author(s):  
H. Brandau ◽  
L. Brandau ◽  
G. Mutzke
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Optical Method ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Bovine Corpus Luteum ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT In the bovine corpora lutea periodical activities of the Δ53β-, 3β-, 17β-and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (OHSDH) as well as activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured quantitatively and the alterations throughout the different stages of the cycle were studied. After homogenization of the tissue and fractionate centrifugation the enzyme activities were determined by a standardized optical method. The activities of the Δ53β-, and 3β- and 17β-OHSDH increase slowly during the first 7 days of the cycle, the maximum is reached abruptly on the 12th to 13th day of the cycle. After a striking reduction the activities decline continually to the 19th to 21st day reaching the values detected at the beginning of the cycle. The 20β-OHSDH increases slowly to the maximum on the 15th day of the cycle. Activities of the 3α-OHSDH were obtained only inconsistently. The behaviour of the activities of G6PDH was nearly identical with that of the 3β-OHSDH, while the GAPDH shows only little fluctuations of its activities. The obtained enzyme activity patterns of the maturating and high functional corpus luteum correspond to the well-known data of the biosynthetic function of the bovine corpus luteum. The changes of the amounts of progesterone and 20β-progesterol agree with the course of the activities of the 3β- resp. 20β-OHSDH.

scholarly journals TISSUE-SPECIFIC GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASES IN ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMBERTO BIANCHI ◽  
ANTONIETTINA RINALDI
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Electrophoretic Variants ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Anopheles Atroparvus ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Pair Mating ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic variants have been detected in single adult homogenates by screening laboratory strains of Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae and Anopheles stephensi. Pair mating crosses of A. atroparvus individuals set up to study the inheritance mechanism of this apparent polymorphism failed to show Mendelian segregation. Furthermore, monomorphic and tissue-specific G6PD bands were obtained from single adult "midgut" and single adult "skin" homogenates and the apparent polymorphism disappeared. However, the electrophoretic heterogeneity reappeared when 10 µl of the gut homogenate were added to an equal volume of the skin homogenate and permitted to interact in vitro at room temperature (20-25°C) for 4-5 min. Bovine trypsin greatly modified the anodical mobility of the skin isoenzyme. Single whole homogenates, prepared in buffers containing soybean (trypsin inhibitor), partially retained the electrophoretic heterogeneity. On this experimental background it is possible to draw the following conclusions: (a) at least two monomorphic and tissue-specific (gut and skin) G6PD isoenzymes are present in the anopheline species studied by us; (b) a factor (or factors) possessing a trypsin-like action seems to be present in the whole body homogenate, this factor seems to be particularly active in interacting with the skin enzyme; and (c) the occurrence of a similar interaction could facilitate the formation of G6PD catalytically active molecular artifacts. These data and analogous results obtained by other authors permitted us to conclude that if genetic analysis has not been performed it is very hazardous to interpret zymograms simply by assuming that any electrophoretic heterogeneity necessarily represents a genetic polymorphism.

scholarly journals Monotocy and the evolution of plural breeding in mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Lukas ◽  
Tim Clutton-Brock
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Life History Parameters ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Size Stability ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Kinship Structure ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Plural Breeding

Abstract In many mammals, breeding females are intolerant of each other and seldom associate closely but, in some, they aggregate in groups that vary in size, stability, and kinship structure. Aggregation frequently increases competition for food, and interspecific differences in female sociality among mammals are commonly attributed to contrasts in ecological parameters, including variation in activity timing, the distribution of resources, as well as the risk of predation. However, there is increasing indication that differences in female sociality are also associated with phylogenetic relationships and with contrasts in life-history parameters. We show here that evolutionary transitions from systems where breeding females usually occupy separate ranges (“singular breeding”) to systems where breeding females usually aggregate (“plural breeding”) have occurred more frequently in monotocous lineages where females produce single young than in polytocous ones where they produce litters. A likely explanation of this association is that competition between breeding females for resources is reduced where they produce single young and is more intense where they produce litters. Our findings reinforce evidence that variation in life-history parameters plays an important role in shaping the evolution of social behavior.

scholarly journals Distribution of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in mice studied by in vitro whole-body autoradiography.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1426-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Watanabe ◽  
H Goto ◽  
M Matsushima ◽  
R Shimono ◽  
T Kihara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Skeletal System ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography ◽  
G6pase Activity ◽  
High Radioactivity

The distribution of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities was demonstrated by in vitro whole-body autoradiography. Relatively high activities were observed in the liver, kidney, and small intestine of mice. However, these organs did not exhibit uniform activity throughout. The activity of the liver was found heterogeneous, but that of the duodenum and jejunum were higher than for those of other parts of the intestine. G6Pase activity was higher in the cortex of the kidney than in the medulla. In addition to these observations, it was also found that the skeletal system had high radioactivity. These results were similar to those from biochemical experiments. This method of in vitro whole-body autoradiography would seem to be of value in studying macroscopic distributions of other enzyme activities in organs as well as in whole-body.

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