Isolation of a Y-Chromosomal DNA Probe Capable of Determining Genetic Sex in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1606-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Devlin ◽  
B. Kelly McNeil ◽  
T. David D. Groves ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Male Specific

We have used subtractive hybridization methodologies to selectively clone a DNA fragment from the Y chromosome of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). This clone specifically detects a single 8-kb Bam HI restriction fragment in Southern blots of male genomic DNA that is absent in females. This sex-specific pattern was observed in over 50 individuals from five separate chinook stocks, suggesting that the organization of this sequence is conserved in this species. The strength of the hybridization signal, and the pattern observed in multiple enzyme digests, indicates that this sequence is repeated in the male chinook genome. With long autoradiographic exposures, fainter additional sequences can also be detected both in males and females, suggesting that other similar sequences not organized in a sex-specific fashion are found on the X chromosome and/or autosomes. Examination of the segregation of this DNA sequence in families showed that the male-specific pattern segregates from father to son, providing strong evidence that the DNA probe is from the Y chromosome. The application of Y-chromosomal probes to the commercial culture of this species will simplify the synthesis of new monosex strains and allow verification of existing genotypic female, phenotypic male stocks.

scholarly journals Delineating the roles of males and females in sperm competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1772) ◽  
pp. 20132047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Evans ◽  
Patrice Rosengrave ◽  
Clelia Gasparini ◽  
Neil J. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Paternity Success

Disentangling the relative roles of males, females and their interactive effects on competitive fertilization success remains a challenge in sperm competition. In this study, we apply a novel experimental framework to an ideally suited externally fertilizing model system in order to delineate these roles. We focus on the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , a species in which ovarian fluid (OF) has been implicated as a potential arbiter of cryptic female choice for genetically compatible mates. We evaluated this predicted sexually selected function of OF using a series of factorial competitive fertilization trials. Our design involved a series of 10 factorial crosses, each involving two ‘focal’ rival males whose sperm competed against those from a single ‘standardized’ (non-focal) rival for a genetically uniform set of eggs in the presence of OF from two focal females. This design enabled us to attribute variation in competitive fertilization success among focal males, females (OF) and their interacting effects, while controlling for variation attributable to differences in the sperm competitive ability of rival males, and male-by-female genotypic interactions. Using this experimental framework, we found that variation in sperm competitiveness could be attributed exclusively to differences in the sperm competitive ability of focal males, a conclusion supported by subsequent analyses revealing that variation in sperm swimming velocity predicts paternity success. Together, these findings provide evidence that variation in paternity success can be attributed to intrinsic differences in the sperm competitive ability of rival males, and reveal that sperm swimming velocity is a key target of sexual selection.

scholarly journals The Size and Content of the Sex-Determining Region of the Y Chromosome in Dioecious Mercurialis annua, a Plant with Homomorphic Sex Chromosomes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paris Veltsos ◽  
Guillaume Cossard ◽  
Emmanuel Beaudoing ◽  
Genséric Beydon ◽  
Camille Roux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
Artificial Chromosomes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Y Chromosome Degeneration ◽  
Mercurialis Annua

Many dioecious plants have sex chromosomes that are cytologically heteromorphic, but about half of species lack cytological differences between males and females and are thus homomorphic. Very little is known about the size and content of the non-recombining sex-determining region (SDR) in these species. Here, we assess the size and content of the SDR of the diploid dioecious herb Mercurialis annua, which has homomorphic sex chromosomes and shows signatures of mild Y-chromosome degeneration. We used RNAseq to identify new Y-linked markers for M. annua. Twelve of 24 transcripts with male-specific and male-biased expression could only be PCR-amplified from males and are thus Y-linked. We found a further six Y-linked sequences that were present in males but not females using genome capture data from multiple populations. We used the Y-linked sequences to identify and sequence 17 sex-linked bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which form 11 groups of non-overlapping sequence, covering a total sequence length of about 1.5 Mb. Content analysis of this region suggests it is enriched for repeats, has a low gene density and contains few candidate sex-determining genes. The BACs map to a subset of the sex-linked region of the genetic map, which is estimated to be at least 14.5 Mb. This is substantially larger than estimates for other dioecious plants with homomorphic sex chromosomes, especially given the small genome size of M. annua. Our data provide a rare, high-resolution view of the homomorphic Y chromosome of a dioecious plant.

Identification of Farm-reared and Native Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Using the Nuclear DNA probe B2-2

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Withler ◽  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
R. F. Watkins ◽  
T. A. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
The West ◽  
River Population

The chinook salmon DNA probe B2-2 was used to distinguish farm-reared (from two commercial farms) and native chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that were sampled from five populations on the west coast of Vancouver island. The Big Qualicum River population (east coast of Vancouver Island), which is believed to be the main progenitor of domesticated broodstocks used for aquaculture in British Columbia, was also sampled. The presence or absence and integrated optical densities (IODs) of three DNA fragments at 8.3 kilo base pairs (kbp) (band 1), 6.5 kbp (band 2), and 5.6 kbp (band 3) in the hybridization patterns of B2-2 on BamHI-restricted DNA were recorded for 269 chinook salmon. The frequency of occurrence of bands 2 and 3, and all seven measurements made of the relative and absolute values of the IODs of the three bands, varied significantly among populations. The IOD of band 3 provided the best discrimination among populations. The Big Qualicum and two fish farm populations were differentiated from all five west coast native populations. Discriminant analysis and a neural network were used independently to classify correctly to type an average of 97% of the native and 83% of the farm west coast DNA patterns used as test samples.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict over survival in Trinidadian Guppies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Lin ◽  
Iulia Darolti ◽  
Benjamin L. S. Furman ◽  
Pedro Almeida ◽  
Benjamin A. Sandkam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Fluctuating Selection ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Genetic Signatures ◽  
Allelic Differentiation

ABSTRACTSexual conflict over survival produces two distinct population genetic signatures. Fluctuating selection in males and females produces balancing selection. Additionally, at conception, allele frequencies are the same in males and females. However, loci with alleles that benefit the survival of one sex at some survival cost to the other should diverge over the course of a generation. We therefore expect that sexual conflict over survival would produce both signatures of allelic differentiation between the sexes and balancing selection. However, given the substantial mortality costs required to produce allelic differences between males and females, it remains unclear how many loci within the genome, if any at all, experience significant sexual conflict over survival. We assessed the genomes of 120 wild-caught guppies, which are expected to experience substantial predation- and pathogen-induced mortality. We identified a core list of 15 high confidence genes that show allelic differences between male and female adults. However, eight of these show evidence of having duplicated copies on the Y chromosome, suggesting that the male-specific region of the guppy Y chromosome may act as a hotspot for the resolution of conflict. We recovered just seven genes with significant male-female allelic differentiation without evidence of Y duplication, and these show elevated Tajima’s D, consistent with balancing selection from sexual conflict. Only one of these seven genes, Puf60b, shows substantial intersexual FST. Puf60b has roles in cognition and the immune system, suggesting substantial ongoing, unresolved sexual conflict related to predator and pathogen avoidance strategies.

scholarly journals Heritability and Y-chromosome influence in the jack male life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Heredity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D D Heath ◽  
L Rankin ◽  
C A Bryden ◽  
J W Heath ◽  
J M Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Life History

Evidence for Inheritance of Age of Maturity in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Hankin ◽  
Jay W. Nicholas ◽  
Timothy W. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Minimum Threshold ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Age And Sex

We report results of age-specific mating experiments carried out with chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Elk River Hatchery, Oregon. Our analysis of returns from these experiments includes assessment of the marine growth of progeny, and we also account for the negative bias on mean age of returning mature progeny that is a consequence of troll fishery harvest of immature salmon. Results suggest that (a) heritability of age of maturity is relatively high in this species (calculated h2 were 0.49–0.57 and 0.39–0.41 for males and females, respectively), (b) inheritance of age of maturity of females appears to be independent of age of male parent, and (c) for a given parental age, "faster-growing" progeny generally mature at younger ages, but (d) progeny from older parents are not generally smaller at age than progeny from younger parents. Inheritance of age of maturity therefore cannot be a simple reflection of inheritance of growth rate. We tentatively propose the existence of heritable minimum threshold lengths that differentially trigger maturation according to age and sex of parents. We also consider the significance of these experiments for artificial propagation of this species.

Variation of Y-chromosome DNA markers in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1386-1399 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Devlin ◽  
L Park ◽  
D M Sakhrani ◽  
J D Baker ◽  
A R Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Sex Marker ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Normal Males

Two Y-chromosome DNA markers (a repetitive sequence, OtY1, and a single-copy marker, GH-Y) tightly linked to the sex-determination locus have been examined for their association with sexual development among 55 populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Normal linkage has been observed in 96.7% of 2478 individuals examined. Only five males (0.44%) were found lacking both markers (none from Canadian systems), and 14 females (1.04%) from US populations and two females (0.15%) from Canadian populations were found to possess both markers. Variants identified included weakly amplifying alleles for GH-Y and OtY1 and structural variants identified by Southern-blot analysis. The frequency of variants in males was more than 2-fold that in females, and males deficient in GH-Y were more common (3.6%) than males deficient in the repetitive OtY1 sequence (0.7%). Some individuals (of both sexes) possessed fewer copies of the OtY1 repeat than normal males, revealing molecular dynamics that alter Y-chromosome structure within and among populations. A population (Hanford Reach) previously reported as having a high incidence of females possessing the OtY1 marker, and suspected of being sex-reversed, was found to have normal sex-marker genotypes in the present study.

Corrigendum: Variation of Y-chromosome DNA markers in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
R.H. Devlin ◽  
L. Park ◽  
D.M. Sakhrani ◽  
J.D. Baker ◽  
A.R. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha
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