Evidence for Inheritance of Age of Maturity in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Hankin ◽  
Jay W. Nicholas ◽  
Timothy W. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Minimum Threshold ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Age And Sex

We report results of age-specific mating experiments carried out with chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at Elk River Hatchery, Oregon. Our analysis of returns from these experiments includes assessment of the marine growth of progeny, and we also account for the negative bias on mean age of returning mature progeny that is a consequence of troll fishery harvest of immature salmon. Results suggest that (a) heritability of age of maturity is relatively high in this species (calculated h2 were 0.49–0.57 and 0.39–0.41 for males and females, respectively), (b) inheritance of age of maturity of females appears to be independent of age of male parent, and (c) for a given parental age, "faster-growing" progeny generally mature at younger ages, but (d) progeny from older parents are not generally smaller at age than progeny from younger parents. Inheritance of age of maturity therefore cannot be a simple reflection of inheritance of growth rate. We tentatively propose the existence of heritable minimum threshold lengths that differentially trigger maturation according to age and sex of parents. We also consider the significance of these experiments for artificial propagation of this species.

scholarly journals Delineating the roles of males and females in sperm competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1772) ◽  
pp. 20132047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Evans ◽  
Patrice Rosengrave ◽  
Clelia Gasparini ◽  
Neil J. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Paternity Success

Disentangling the relative roles of males, females and their interactive effects on competitive fertilization success remains a challenge in sperm competition. In this study, we apply a novel experimental framework to an ideally suited externally fertilizing model system in order to delineate these roles. We focus on the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , a species in which ovarian fluid (OF) has been implicated as a potential arbiter of cryptic female choice for genetically compatible mates. We evaluated this predicted sexually selected function of OF using a series of factorial competitive fertilization trials. Our design involved a series of 10 factorial crosses, each involving two ‘focal’ rival males whose sperm competed against those from a single ‘standardized’ (non-focal) rival for a genetically uniform set of eggs in the presence of OF from two focal females. This design enabled us to attribute variation in competitive fertilization success among focal males, females (OF) and their interacting effects, while controlling for variation attributable to differences in the sperm competitive ability of rival males, and male-by-female genotypic interactions. Using this experimental framework, we found that variation in sperm competitiveness could be attributed exclusively to differences in the sperm competitive ability of focal males, a conclusion supported by subsequent analyses revealing that variation in sperm swimming velocity predicts paternity success. Together, these findings provide evidence that variation in paternity success can be attributed to intrinsic differences in the sperm competitive ability of rival males, and reveal that sperm swimming velocity is a key target of sexual selection.

Genetic, Environmental, and Interaction Effects on Growth and Stress Response of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Fry

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Heath ◽  
Nicholas J. Bernier ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interactions ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Wet Weight

Eight full- and half-sib families of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were held during egg development at two temperatures (8.0 and 10.2 °C). As fry, these families were measured for relative growth rate, initial and final wet weight, hematocrit values before and 2 h after a 30-s handling stress, and plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations before and after stress. Significant sire effects were found for all measured traits, and significant dam effects were found for all traits except for the poststress increases in cortisol concentrations. There were significant genotype-by-environment interactions for all traits except unstressed (control) plasma glucose concentrations. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on relative growth rate and final wet weight only. We found a significant correlation between poststress plasma glucose concentration and relative growth rate for all fish, independent of family, while resting plasma cortisol concentration and poststress hematocrit correlated with wet weight only when analyzed within the eight individual families. Genetic contributions to stress-related parameters and genotype-by-environment interactions should be considered as a factor in stress-related research with fish.

Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1636-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fishmeal substitution with corn gluten meal and poultry meal on growth rate and flesh characteristics of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Katarina H. Doughty ◽  
Shawn R. Garner ◽  
Mark A. Bernards ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Bryan D. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Salmon Aquaculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Total Body

Abstract There is considerable interest in developing diets that maintain growth performance and market appeal for salmon aquaculture while relying less on fishmeal as a major ingredient. Here, we compared growth rate, survival, fat content, tissue colouration and carotenoid levels (astaxanthin) in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed two diets. The first diet was a typical commercial salmon diet with 59% fishmeal content, while the second diet reduced the fishmeal content to 15% (75% reduction) and substituted 28% corn gluten meal and 16% poultry meal. Over an approximately 14-month growth period, we found no significant difference between fish fed the high fishmeal or low fishmeal diet in either growth rate or survival. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet did have 25% higher total body fat percentage than those fed the high fishmeal diet. Individuals fed the low fishmeal diet also had flesh that was significantly less red than fish fed the high fishmeal diet. Carotenoid analysis confirmed that the change in tissue colour was the result of reduced astaxanthin levels in salmon fed the low fishmeal diet. Due to the importance of red tissue colour for the market appeal of salmon, the corn gluten and poultry meal diet is not viable for salmon aquaculture in its present formulation, but our results suggest further modifications to the diet that could mitigate this effect.

Dependence of Exploitation Rates for Maximum Yield and Stock Collapse on Age and Sex Structure of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Stocks

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1746-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Hankin ◽  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Stock Collapse

In this paper we investigate the equilibrium behavior of an age- and sex-structured version of the Ricker stock–recruitment model specifically tailored to the complex nature of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) biology and fisheries. Conclusions from our analysis include the following. (1) Exploitation rates for maximum yield (umsy) and stock collapse (umax) depend strongly on a stock's maturity schedule, being lowest for a late-maturing stock and greatest for an early maturing stock. (2) Values of exploitation rates for umax overlap considerably with those for umsy, emphasizing the probability of stock collapse in fully exploited mixed stock fisheries. (3) Values of umsy and umax are independent of the value of the Ricker β parameter but depend directly on the Ricker α parameter, indicating that management research should focus on obtaining better estimates of α, contrary to recent suggestions in the literature. (4) Because they mature at older ages, female chinook suffer greater cumulative fishery removal rates than males and decline in abundance more rapidly as exploitation increases. Consequently, the use of sex-independent maturity schedules can give misleading estimates for umsy and umax. (5) Maximum changes in mean age of stocks that can be attributed to fishing up effects ranged from 0.32 to 0.81 yr. Many stocks appear already to have declined in mean age by this amount, further emphasizing the probability of impending collapse of some stocks.

INTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW IN SWIMMING CHINOOK SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA AND THE EFFECTS OF HAEMATOCRIT ON BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
H. Thorarensen ◽  
P. E. Gallaugher ◽  
A. K. Kiessling ◽  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Swimming Velocity

Blood flow in the intestinal artery (qia), the rate of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2) and a number of haematological variables were measured in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, while they swam up to the critical swimming velocity (Ucrit). The fish used in this study had previously been exposed to one of two different exercise-training regimes, swimming for 8 months at either 1.5 bl s-1 (HS) or 0.5 bl s-1 (LS) (where bl is body length). During this period, growth rate was the same in both groups. At rest, qia was approximately 36 % of cardiac output. qia was inversely related to V(dot)O2, indicating that blood flow was gradually redistributed from the viscera as the oxygen demands of the locomotory muscles increased. Both V(dot)O2 and qia were relatively constant at swimming velocities less than 50 % Ucrit, but at Ucrit, qia had decreased by 60–70 % as V(dot)O2 reached a maximum. Blood flow redistribution away from the intestine contributed significantly to the oxygen supply for locomotory muscles, since it was estimated that the oxygen-transporting capacity of this redistributed blood flow was enough to support 12–18 % of the maximum internal oxygen consumption (total V(dot)O2 - gill V(dot)O2). Following exercise training, haematocrit (Hct) in the HS group (27.1 %) was significantly higher than in the LS group (23.3 %). However, neither the maximum V(dot)O2 nor Ucrit was significantly different in the two groups. qia was inversely related to Hct but, in spite of lower qia at rest, oxygen transport to the intestines was greater at all swimming speeds in the HS than in the LS training group. In addition, blood flow in the HS group was better maintained as the swimming speed was increased. As a result of the higher Hct in the HS-trained group, oxygen transport to the intestines was similar in both groups at their respective training velocities. Therefore, we suggest that, by increasing Hct and thereby maintaining oxygen delivery to the intestines, the HS group maintained normal intestinal function while swimming at the higher velocity, enabling overall growth rate to be the same as in the LS group.

Influence of Size, Growth Rate, and Photoperiod on Cyclic Changes in Gill (Na + K)–ATPase Activity in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Ewing ◽  
H. J. Pribble ◽  
S. L. Johnson ◽  
C. A. Fustish ◽  
J. Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Small Peak ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Growth Change ◽  
Cyclic Changes

Juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (Rogue River stock) were reared in constant 8 °C well water under artificial lighting with photoperiods adjusted to Medford, Oregon. Juveniles were divided into six groups according to the amount of food provided. Growth (change in fork length per day) was linear from July through December for all six groups. Three distinct patterns of gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity were observed in these groups. In the two groups fed the largest rations, a peak in activity in October was observed with a smaller peak in July. Fish fed the smallest rations showed no increase in gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity throughout the year. At intermediate rations, there was a small peak in July but no peak in October. A growth rate of less than 0.027 cm/d appeared to suppress the October peak in gill (Na + K)–ATPase activity. Fish with higher growth rates showed peaks in activity in either October or NovemberKey words: chinook salmon, (Na + K)–ATPase, growth, photoperiod, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Influence of Sustained Exercise at Two Ration Levels on Growth and Thyroid Function of All-Female Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Seawater

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1975-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kiessling ◽  
D. A. Higgs ◽  
B. S. Dosanjh ◽  
J. G. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Rate Condition ◽  
Body Protein

Duplicate groups of seawater-adapted 70-g all-female chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were held in flowing seawater (24–29‰; 8–12 °C) corresponding to swimming speeds (SS) of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 body lengths (bl)/s for 212 d. Fish were fed either a maximum satiating ration of 75% of maximum ration at each SS. Fish grew four- to fivefold during the study, but neither mean body weight, fork length, specific growth rate, condition factor, nor muscle morphometry was influenced by average SS. However, the SS of individually marked fish were negatively correlated with specific growth rate. At both rations, higher SS increased the internal tissue-carcass ratio, hepatosomatic index, and total body protein. More food was ingested at higher SS resulting in reduced feed efficiency. SS did not alter the plasma L-thyroxine (T4) concentration, but increased the plasma 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) concentration and T3/T4 ratio. In part, this may reflect the greater food intake at higher SS. The reduced ration depressed all aspects of growth and at 212 d tended to depress both plasma T4 and T3, but did not alter feed efficiency. We conclude that exercise over the range of 0.5–1.5 bl/s does not enhance growth, but reduces feed efficiency in seawater-adapted chinook salmon.

Inhibition of smolting in precocious male chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1848-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
W. C. Clarke ◽  
J. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Precocious Males

The ontogeny of precocious maturation in chinook salmon from Nicola River, British Columbia, was examined in conjunction with the effects of such maturation on smoltification and growth. A high proportion (56%) of male parr matured as yearlings. The growth patterns of precocious males and nonmaturing individuals of both sexes differed significantly. Precocious males appeared to grow rapidly relative to nonmaturing individuals in the early spring, but thereafter displayed a decreasing specific growth rate. In addition, precocious individuals gained more weight per increment of body length than nonmaturing individuals. The seawater adaptability of precocious individuals was lower than that of nonmaturing individuals at the three monthly sampling periods and decreased steadily as maturation proceeded.

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