Morphometric Effects of Low pH and Limed Water on the Gills of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2451-2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Jagoe ◽  
Terry A. Haines
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Ionic Uptake ◽  
Gill Histology ◽  
The Difference

Gills from adult Atlantic salmon held in water from an acid river (Westfield River, Queens County, Nova Scotia; mean pH 4.8) were compared to gills from fish held in the same water treated with limestone (mean pH 5.5) and gills from fish held in a nearby control river (Medway River; mean 5.4). Morphometric analysis showed that fish held in the acidic water had more gill chloride cells and mucous cells than those held in the limed water or the control river. The difference in chloride cell number was due to increased numbers of the cells on the primary lamellar epithelium; numbers of cells on the secondary lamellae did not increase with acid exposure. Male fish were found to have more chloride cells on their secondary lamellae than female fish. Chloride cells were larger and more nearly spherical in shape in the fish exposed to low pH water. The liming treatment was partially effective in preventing changes in gill histology. Changes in size, shape, and number of chloride cells probably represent a response of increasing ionic uptake to offset the losses of ions occurring during low pH stress.

Plasma electrolytes, gill aluminum content, and gill morphology of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) indigenous to acidic streams of Nova Scotia

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Lacroix ◽  
D. J. Hood ◽  
C. S. Belfry ◽  
T. G. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Gill Morphology

Plasma electrolytes and gill [Al] were determined and gill morphology and histology were examined in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from feral populations in acidic streams of southwest Nova Scotia. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were lowest in fish from streams with the lowest pH levels, but there were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and exchangeable [Al] in streams for both species. Gill [Al] increased exponentially with increasing exchangeable [Al] in water, but was less than 100 μg/g dry weight in both species. There were no correlations between plasma [Na+] or [Cl−] and gill [Al] for both species, and plasma [Na+] and [Cl−] were ultimately linked to low pH. Scanning electron microscopy of gills showed normal primary and secondary lamellae, with few signs of fusion or hyperplasia, only a slight amount of mucus, regular chloride cell crypts, and epithelial cells with distinct microridges. Histology of gill sections showed few lesions in the primary lamellae but some focal histologic lesions in the secondary lamellae of greater than 50% of fish, regardless of ambient pH or [Al]. The histopathology included hypertrophy of individual epithelial, mucous, and chloride cells, clubbing of tips of secondary lamellae, and localized epithelial hyperplasia. These features were focal and not comparable to the extensive morphological changes or histologic lesions usually attributed to high [Al] at low pH. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations greater than 5 mg/L in the acidic streams apparently afforded protection against Al effects at concentrations of at least 360 μg total Al/L.

Aluminum and Acid Toxicity to Two Strains of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
M. E. Mueller ◽  
J. D. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Gill Histology ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Two strains of 1 yr-old brook trout were exposed to 14 combinations of pH, aluminum, and calcium during a 28-d experiment. Survival, weight, and gill histology of both strains were affected similarly by pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure. Survival was reduced at inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations (IA1) of 29 μg/L at pH 5.2 and [Formula: see text] at pH 4.4 and 4.8. Fish weight was reduced with exposure to pH below 4.8 or aluminum concentrations [Formula: see text]. The gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH exhibited lifting of the outer epithelium and hypertrophy (increase in size) of chloride and epithelial cells. The response of gills sampled from fish exposed to low pH and elevated aluminum was more pronounced relative to the low pH exposure alone. In addition to the effects observed in the low pH exposed fish, the gills from fish exposed to both acid and aluminum exhibited vacuolation and degeneration of epithelial and chloride cells and the presence of dense cells. Finally, fish confined in PVC tubes designed to mimic in situ field exposure procedures were more sensitive to the toxic effects of acid and aluminum compared to free-swimming fish. Caution must be taken when extrapolating safe field levels from in situ exposures of caged fish.

Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gills of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from acidified lakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2062-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaston Chevalier ◽  
Laurent Gauthier ◽  
Guy Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Acidified Lakes ◽  
High Level

Histopathological and electron microscopic studies of gill tissue were carried out in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, from wild populations inhabiting three acidified lakes and in others from three nonacidified lakes located in the Canadian Shield (Québec). The acidified lakes were characterized by low pH (5.5), poor buffering capacity, and low conductivity. By comparison with trout from nonacidified lakes, gills of trout from acidified lakes showed extensive epithelial damage, mainly separation of the epithelial layer from underlying tissue, deformation of secondary lamellae, and degeneration of chloride cells, which was accompanied by pronounced hyperplasia of undifferentiated epithelial cells in the primary lamellae. Histopathological changes were quantified by morphometry. Most damaged gills were also shown to contain a higher concentration of aluminum. The observed changes in gill cells and tissues are interpreted as reactions to sublethal environmental conditions adverse to the osmoregulatory balance of the fish, specifically chronic exposure to low pH and low calcium concentrations, possibly combined with a high level of aluminum.

Gill Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter abundance and location in Atlantic salmon: effects of seawater and smolting

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (6) ◽  
pp. R1844-R1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Pelis ◽  
Joseph Zydlewski ◽  
Stephen D. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Seawater Acclimation ◽  
Salt Secretion

Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter abundance and location was examined in the gills of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) during seawater acclimation and smolting. Western blots revealed three bands centered at 285, 160, and 120 kDa. The Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter was colocalized with Na+-K+-ATPase to chloride cells on both the primary filament and secondary lamellae. Parr acclimated to 30 parts per thousand seawater had increased gill Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter abundance, large and numerous Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter immunoreactive chloride cells on the primary filament, and reduced numbers on the secondary lamellae. Gill Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter levels were low in presmolts (February) and increased 3.3-fold in smolts (May), coincident with elevated seawater tolerance. Cotransporter levels decreased below presmolt values in postsmolts in freshwater (June). The size and number of immunoreactive chloride cells on the primary filament increased threefold during smolting and decreased in postsmolts. Gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter abundance increased in parallel during both seawater acclimation and smolting. These data indicate a direct role of the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter in salt secretion by gill chloride cells of teleost fish.

Morphometric Changes in Gill Secondary Lamellae of Brook Trou (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Long-Term Exposure to Acid and Aluminum

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Tietge ◽  
R. D. Johnson ◽  
H. L Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Respiratory Efficiency

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 147 d to three different combinations of acid and Al in soft water (2 mg Ca/L). Samples of gill tissue from each of the three exposure conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L, pH 4.91 + 4.3 μg Al/L, and pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) were examined by light microscopy using high-resolution techniques and morphometric analysis. As compared with fish in control conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L), exposure to pH 4.91 without Al significantly increased volume density of lamellar chloride cells. Low pH and elevated Al (pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) resulted in increased diffusion distance, white blood cell infiltration of the lymphatic space of the gill tissue (an indicator of tissue damage), and a dramatic increase in lamellar dense cells. These results are consistent with the physiological data that show ionoregulatory stress and decreased respiratory efficiency as typical responses of brook trout exposed to low pH and combinations of low pH and elevated Al.

scholarly journals Gill histology of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following chronic and acute exposure to ammonia

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilha Yoon ◽  
Najiya Al-Saadi ◽  
Aisha Ambuali
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Mucus Cell ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Gill Histology

Ammonia is a common aquatic pollutant and is toxic to fish. The main nitrogenous compound excreted by fish is also ammonia, which may reach toxic concentrations in high-density fish culture, reducing growth and productivity. In this study, changes in gill structure and mucus cell distribution were examined when juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were exposed to chronic and acute concentrations of ammonia. For chronic exposure, the tilapia were exposed to daily increments in ammonia concentration rising from 0 mg L-1 ammonia on Day 0 to 5 mg L-1 by Day 8; the experiment was terminated on Day 9. There were obvious histopathological changes to the gills over this period including hypertrophy and fusion and of the secondary lamellae. The mucus cell number in gill histology sections were observed to increase until Day 6 then decrease thereafter until the termination of the trial. For the acute exposure, juvenile tilapia were exposed to 5 mg L-1 ammonia for 5 hours. Hourly changes to the gills were monitored, with notable changes to gill filaments and an observed increase in the mucus cell number over the duration of the experiment. 

Development of apical pits in chloride cells of the gills of Pimephales promelas after chronic exposure to acid water

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
Richard L. Leino ◽  
Jon G. Anderson ◽  
J. Howard McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Flow Through

Groups of 12 fathead minnows were exposed for 129 days to Lake Superior water acidified (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or 6.5) with reagent grade H2SO4 by means of a multichannel toxicant system for flow-through bioassays. Untreated water (pH 7.5) had the following properties: hardness 45.3 ± 0.3 (95% confidence interval) mg/1 as CaCO3; alkalinity 42.6 ± 0.2 mg/1; Cl- 0.03 meq/1; Na+ 0.05 meq/1; K+ 0.01 meq/1; Ca2+ 0.68 meq/1; Mg2+ 0.26 meq/1; dissolved O2 5.8 ± 0.3 mg/1; free CO2 3.2 ± 0.4 mg/1; T= 24.3 ± 0.1°C. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd gills were subsequently processed for LM (methacrylate), TEM and SEM respectively.Three changes involving chloride cells were correlated with increasing acidity: 1) the appearance of apical pits (figs. 2,5 as compared to figs. 1, 3,4) in chloride cells (about 22% of the chloride cells had pits at pH 5.0); 2) increases in their numbers and 3) increases in the % of these cells in the epithelium of the secondary lamellae.

Assessment of oxidative DNA damage, oxidative stress responses and histopathological alterations in gill and liver tissues of Oncorhynchus mykiss treated with linuron

2020 ◽  
pp. 096032712098420
Author(s):  
Ahmet Topal ◽  
Arzu Gergit ◽  
Mustafa Özkaraca
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Oxidative Stress Responses

We investigated changes in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) activity which is a product of oxidative DNA damage, histopathological changes and antioxidant responses in liver and gill tissues of rainbow trout, following a 21-day exposure to three different concentrations of linuron (30 µg/L, 120 µg/L and 240 µg/L). Our results indicated that linuron concentrations caused an increase in LPO levels of liver and gill tissues ( p < 0.05). While linuron induced both increases and decreases in GSH levels and SOD activity, CAT activity was decreased by all concentrations of linuron ( p < 0.05). The immunopositivity of 8-OHdG was detected in the hepatocytes of liver and in the epithelial and chloride cells of the secondary lamellae of the gill tissues. Our results suggested that linuron could cause oxidative DNA damage by causing an increase in 8-OHdG activity in tissues, and it induces histopathological damage and alterations in the antioxidant parameters of the tissues.

scholarly journals SOST Deficiency Aggravates Osteoarthritis in Mice by Promoting Sclerosis of Subchondral Bone

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jingyu Li ◽  
Junjie Xue ◽  
Yan Jing ◽  
Manyi Wang ◽  
Rui Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Sost Gene ◽  
Bone Sclerosis ◽  
The Difference

As the initial part in the development of osteoarthritis (OA), subchondral bone sclerosis has been considered to be initiated by excess mechanical loading and proven to be correlated to other pathological changes. Sclerostin, which is an essential mechanical stress response protein, is encoded by the SOST gene. It is expressed in osteocytes and mature chondrocytes and has been proven to be closely correlated to OA. However, the relationship and mechanism between the SOST gene and the development of OA remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the SOST gene in OA pathogenesis in the subchondral bone. A knee anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) mouse osteoarthritis (OA) model on SOST-knockout (SOST KO) and wild-type (WT) mice was established. The pathogenic and phenotypic changes in the subchondral bone were investigated by histology, micro-CT, immunohistochemistry, TRAP staining, Masson staining, and Toluidine blue staining. It was found that sclerostin expression decreased in both the calcified cartilage and mineralized subchondral structures during the development of OA. Joint instability induced a severe cartilage degradation phenotype, with higher OARSI scores in SOST KO mice, when compared to WT mice. SOST KO mice with OA exhibited a higher BMD and BV/TV ratio, as well as a higher rate of bone remodeling and TRAP-positive cell number, when compared to the WT counterparts, but the difference was not significant between the sham-operation groups. It was concluded that loss of sclerostin aggravates knee OA in mice by promoting subchondral bone sclerosis and increasing catabolic activity of cartilage.

Infection of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie with the microsporidian parasite Glugea hertwigi (Weissenberg)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chen ◽  
G. Power
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Male Fish

In samples taken monthly throughout the year the percentage of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie containing cysts of Glugea hertwigi was 5.2% and 62.7% respectively. Sexual differences in incidence were observed, the significance of which was uncertain as results from the two lakes were contradictory.In male fish infection was almost entirely restricted to the digestive tract with few cysts in the liver, skin, and testes. In female fish the digestive tract and ovaries were similarly infected.Seasonal fluctuations in Glugea infection were obvious and seemed correlated with the gonadal cycle. In both sexes the highest parasite load corresponded with the onset of maturation.A striking difference in fecundity between the two smelt populations was attributed to the Glugea infection. In females parasite cysts replaced ovarian tissue, causing a reduction in the number of maturing eggs.

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