Effect of Prey Density and Prey Size on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Prey Length ◽  
Chironomid Biomass

I investigated the influence of food availability on growth and survival of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) fry stocked in six fertilized experimental ponds (density 40 fish∙m−3) and reared for 8 wk. Walleye fed largely on chironomid larvae and cyclopoid copepods in weeks 1 and 2, and chironomids thereafter. Prey choice and consumption were strongly influenced by chironomid biomass in the benthos, and to a lesser extent by zoo-plankton density. Weekly length increase of the populations and mean length in week 7 were significantly correlated with chironomid benthic biomass and mean prey length. Chironomid biomass and density of large zoo-plankton together explained 56% of the variation in the weekly population growth rate. Despite obvious food limitation in the second half of the experiment, pond survival rate was not significantly correlated with mean prey density, mean stomach fullness, or percentage of fish with empty stomachs. The results indicate that juvenile walleye growth can be regulated by the density and size of available prey. Prey availability apparently does not regulate short term juvenile walleye survival rates after the period around first feeding.

scholarly journals Influence of Larval Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Density on Piscivory and Growth of Young-of-Year Saugeye (Stizostedion vitreum × S. canadense)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1993-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Stahl ◽  
Roy A. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Gizzard Shad ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Dorosoma Cepedianum ◽  
Enclosure Experiment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Sport Fisheries

Growth and survival of young-of-year saugeye (Stizostedion vitreum ♂ × S. canadense ♀) (stocked into Ohio reservoirs to create sport fisheries) are probably influenced by prey availability, variations in which may account for historically documented variability in stocking success. Because saugeye switch from a diet of zooplankton to fish once stocked, we sought to determine experimentally if saugeye size and available ichthyoplankton, i.e., larval gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), affected this switch and whether piscivory improved saugeye growth. In an enclosure experiment, saugeye (33.9 mm TL) immediately switched to piscivory when exposed to ichthyoplankton densities of 20 and 100∙m−3, growing faster when more gizzard shad were available. In another enclosure experiment, saugeye 30–49 mm TL consumed 14-mm gizzard shad. In ponds (N = 4 ponds∙treatment−1) containing zooplankton and chironomids, we compared saugeye growth with and without larval gizzard shad and found, as in the first enclosure experiment, that piscivory improved saugeye growth. Neither saugeye size nor ichthyoplankton density influenced how quickly saugeye switched to piscivory. We conclude that managers should stock saugeye ≥ 30 mm 1–2 wk before peak ichthyoplankton densities to improve saugeye growth and survival by enhancing opportunities for exploitation of young-of-year gizzard shad.

scholarly journals Response of larval and juvenile rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) to different diets under controlled conditions 331

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wolnicki ◽  
J. Sikorska ◽  
R. Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Spinal Deformities ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Scardinius Erythrophthalmus ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Final Survival

The growth and survival of rudd <I>Scardinius erythrophthalmus</I> (L.) were evaluated in a laboratory at 25°C. In 20-day Experiment 1, first-feeding larvae at the age of 4 days post-hatch (initially: TL = 5.7 mm, BW = 0.9 mg) were fed live <I>Artemia</I> nauplii or commercial dry feed (Aller Futura Larvae, AFL) or combinations of both. Even the longest period of initial feeding of nauplii (6 days) was insufficient to obtain satisfactory larval growth after weaning to AFL (TL = 12.4 mm and BW = 17.7 mg vs. TL = 18.9 mm and BW = 68.5 mg for the nauplii-fed fish, significant differences). Nauplii-fed older larvae (24 days post-hatch) were then used in Experiment 2, in which they were fed AFL or Ewos AgloNorse (EAN) dry feeds for 40 days. The EAN diet proved to be significantly (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) superior to AFL regarding the final fish growth (TL = 36.5 mm and BW = 506.8 mg vs. TL = 33.4 mm and BW = 392.0 mg ), final survival rates (97.6% vs. 100%) and the incidence of spinal deformities (0% vs. 13.5%).

Daily Mortality Rates of Larval and Juvenile American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River with Changes in Year-Class Strength

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1719-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Crecco ◽  
T. Savoy ◽  
L. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
American Shad ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Alosa Sapidissima ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Gompertz Equation ◽  
Class Strength

Age-specific growth and survival rates were estimated for larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) from the Connecticut River from 1979 to 1982. Relative indices (CPE) of year-class strength of juveniles determined from seine sampling in 1978–82 and 1966–73 are compared with resulting levels of adult recruitment. Length–age data for larval and juvenile American shad were determined from sagittal otoliths. Length increments among larval and juvenile shad followed an asymptotic pattern with age, both life stages being well described by the Gompertz equation. Larval survivorship curves from 1979 to 1982 were age specific, with mortality rates of 19.8–25.6%/d for first feeding larvae and 4.3–8.7%/d for larvae approaching metamorphosis. By contrast, juvenile mortality rates were much lower (1.8–2.0%/d) and more consistent among years. Juvenile indices of year-class strength from 1966 to 1973 were positively correlated (r = +0.92, df 7, P < 0.001) with recruitment levels of adult females 4–6 yr later, suggesting that year-class strength of shad is established prior to the juvenile stage.

Growth and Survival of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus) in Relation to Prey Density

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Werner ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Time Required

Growth and survival rates were determined for 4- to 12-wk-old herring larvae (Clupea harengus) reared at prey densities of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 Artemia nauplii/mL. The time required for food to pass through the gut in relation to prey density was also estimated.The results indicate that significant deleterious effects occur when larvae are reared at the two lowest prey densities. Survival was reduced at 0.03 Artemia/mL and growth was lowered at 0.03 and 0.1 Artemia/mL. Growth depensation leading to size hierarchies was not correlated with prey density. Food passed through the gut more rapidly at high prey densities. The threshold prey density above which changes in numbers of prey have little effect on survival or growth was estimated to lie between 0.1 and 0.3 Artemia/mL, possibly near 0.17 Artemia/mL.Key words: fish larvae, herring, feeding ecology, predator-prey

An experimental examination of temperature interactions in the match–mismatch hypothesis for Pacific cod larvae

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Laurel ◽  
Thomas P. Hurst ◽  
Lorenzo Ciannelli
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Gadus Macrocephalus ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Mismatch Hypothesis

The match–mismatch hypothesis (MMH) predicts that marine fish larvae will have their highest rate of growth and survival when they overlap with their prey. However, Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) and other gadids continue to thrive in the Bering Sea despite delayed prey production resulting from warming and loss of sea ice. In this study, we examined how temperature mediates growth and survival of Pacific cod larvae under varying match–mismatch conditions. Cod larvae were reared at two temperatures (3 °C and 8 °C) and exposed to one of five different food treatments over a 6-week period: (i) high food (HF) (match); (ii) low food (LF); (iii) HF then LF (HF–LF); and (iv) LF then HF (LF–HF) (2–4 mismatch); and (v) no food (NF) (complete mismatch). Results showed that cold environments allow Pacific cod larvae to bridge gaps in prey availability (i.e., timing and magnitude), but negatively impact survival over longer periods. Under warmer conditions, mismatches in prey significantly impacted growth and survival. However, both yolk reserves and compensatory growth mechanisms reduced the severity of mismatches occurring in the first 3 weeks of development. Our results demonstrate a clear need to incorporate the direct effects of temperature on fish larvae in food limitation models.

Maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from stable and declining populations in Alaska

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L Milette ◽  
Andrew W Trites
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Eumetopias Jubatus ◽  
Steller Sea Lions ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Attendance Patterns ◽  
The Mean

Maternal attendance patterns of Alaskan Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were compared during the summer breeding seasons in 1994 and 1995 at Sugarloaf Island (a declining population) and Lowrie Island (a stable population). Our goal was to determine whether there were differences in maternal attendance between the two populations that were consistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions in the area of decline were food-limited during summer. Our a priori expectations were based on well-documented behavioural responses of otariids to reduced prey availability. We found that foraging trips were significantly shorter in the area of population decline, counter to initial predictions. The mean length of foraging trips in the declining area was 19.5 h compared with 24.9 h in the stable area. In contrast, the mean perinatal period (time between parturition and first feeding trip) was significantly longer in the area of decline (9.9 versus 7.9 days), again countering initial predictions. The mean length of shore visits for the declining population was also significantly longer (27.0 h compared with 22.6 h where the population was stable). For both populations, the mean time that mothers foraged increased as pups grew older, whereas the time that they spent on shore with their pups became shorter. Behavioural observations of maternal attendance patterns are inconsistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions from the declining population had difficulty obtaining prey during summer.

Mortality of First-Feeding Postlarval Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in Culture Ponds

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1835-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Johnston ◽  
J. A. Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Natural Lakes ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Zooplankton Density ◽  
Food Concentrations ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

We examined mortality rates of postlarval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) at the onset of exogenous feeding in extensive culture ponds. Food concentrations (≥49 zooplankters∙L−1) were apparently sufficient to support successful first feeding, and no critical period of starvation mortality was evident at this stage of life. The highest observed mortality rates were associated with interspecific or intraspecific predation pressure. At low predation pressure, mean survival from stocking to the 12-mm stage was 87% in 1988 and 90% in 1989, and instantaneous mortality rates were an order of magnitude lower than those reported for postlarval walleye in natural lakes. Mortality rates calculated over the early postlarval period (stocking to 12 mm; 9–11 d) were similar to those calculated over the entire culture period (88–107 d) when predation pressure was low. At low predation pressure and 49–159 zooplankters∙L−1, there was no significant relationship between postlarval mortality rates and zooplankton density. The condition of first-feeding postlarvae captured from the pond with the lowest mean zooplankton density (49∙L−1) was significantly higher than that of postlarvae deprived of food for 48 h. Starvation is probably not a major cause of postlarval morality when zooplankton densities are ≥50∙L−1.

scholarly journals Utilization of Trash Fish for Cultivation of Crablet Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Heppi Iromo ◽  
Dori Rachmawani ◽  
Abdul Jabarsyah ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Width ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Trash Fish ◽  
In The Wild

The high demand for mud crabs in North Kalimantan causes catch to increase in the wild. If it is not balanced with efforts to increase its aquaculture of mud crab, in the future there will be a decline in population. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate of mud crab seed (crablet, Scylla serrata) in the application method of different types of trash fish. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The Crablet used carapace width average 0.07-0.09 cm and weigh average 0.05-0.07 g with total 150 crablets. The treatments applied by trash fish were (A) Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), (B) Longfin Herrings Fish (Ilisha elongata), (C) Sword Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) and (D) Snails (Telescopium telescopium). The results were The best weight growth of crablet occurs in the treatment of T. lepturus (P>0.05) and  the highest of survival rates of crablet were found in treatment T. telescopium (P<0.05)  than the other. The trash fish were used turned out to be able survival of crablet mud crab (Scylla serrata).

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