Growth and Survival of Larval Herring (Clupea harengus) in Relation to Prey Density

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1063-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Werner ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Ecology ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Time Required

Growth and survival rates were determined for 4- to 12-wk-old herring larvae (Clupea harengus) reared at prey densities of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 Artemia nauplii/mL. The time required for food to pass through the gut in relation to prey density was also estimated.The results indicate that significant deleterious effects occur when larvae are reared at the two lowest prey densities. Survival was reduced at 0.03 Artemia/mL and growth was lowered at 0.03 and 0.1 Artemia/mL. Growth depensation leading to size hierarchies was not correlated with prey density. Food passed through the gut more rapidly at high prey densities. The threshold prey density above which changes in numbers of prey have little effect on survival or growth was estimated to lie between 0.1 and 0.3 Artemia/mL, possibly near 0.17 Artemia/mL.Key words: fish larvae, herring, feeding ecology, predator-prey

Effect of Prey Density and Prey Size on Growth and Survival of Juvenile Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Prey Length ◽  
Chironomid Biomass

I investigated the influence of food availability on growth and survival of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) fry stocked in six fertilized experimental ponds (density 40 fish∙m−3) and reared for 8 wk. Walleye fed largely on chironomid larvae and cyclopoid copepods in weeks 1 and 2, and chironomids thereafter. Prey choice and consumption were strongly influenced by chironomid biomass in the benthos, and to a lesser extent by zoo-plankton density. Weekly length increase of the populations and mean length in week 7 were significantly correlated with chironomid benthic biomass and mean prey length. Chironomid biomass and density of large zoo-plankton together explained 56% of the variation in the weekly population growth rate. Despite obvious food limitation in the second half of the experiment, pond survival rate was not significantly correlated with mean prey density, mean stomach fullness, or percentage of fish with empty stomachs. The results indicate that juvenile walleye growth can be regulated by the density and size of available prey. Prey availability apparently does not regulate short term juvenile walleye survival rates after the period around first feeding.

Effects of predation from juvenile herring (Clupea harengus) on mortality rates of capelin (Mallotus villosus) larvae

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1693-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvar H. Hallfredsson ◽  
Torstein Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Rate Estimate ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Larvae Density

Predation has been suggested as a cause of substantial mortality of fish larvae to the degree that it might influence recruitment. This field-based study concludes that juvenile herring ( Clupea harengus ) as small pelagic predator can significantly affect mortality rates of the planktonic larvae of capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) in the Barents Sea. Surveys were carried out in the summers of 2001 and 2003. In 2001, juvenile herring were widely distributed and overlapped with capelin larvae over a wide area, whereas in 2003, the herring were more aggregated. The study focused on predation in the areas of predator–prey overlap. Capelin larvae were observed in the herring stomachs at 11 of 24 stations and at 8 of 16 stations where herring were caught in 2001 and 2003, respectively. At those stations, an estimated 7.3% and 9.9% of the capelin larvae were eaten by herring per day in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Statistical models revealed that density of capelin larvae and copepods and occurrence of euphausiids in the stomachs affected the number of capelin larvae per predator stomach. A simplified model with only capelin larvae density as predictor was converted to a functional response relationship using an experimentally derived digestion rate estimate for capelin larvae in herring stomachs.

Experimental studies on acarine predator–prey interactions: the effects of predator density on immature survival, adult fecundity and emigration rates, and the numerical response to prey density (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Numerical Response ◽  
Predator Density ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Immature Survival

Laboratory experiments revealed that increasing the density of the immature instars of Phytoseiulus persimilis had little effect on their survival rates. However, due to the high prey requirements of the immature instars of Amblyseius degenerans and the tendency for underfed individuals of this species to become cannibalistic, their survival rates decreased with increasing predator density. Increasing predator density reduced the fecundity of P. persimilis and caused its numerical response to prey density to reach plateaux at increasingly lower levels of fecundity as the predator density increased. In contrast, increasing predator density did not affect the fecundity of A. degenerans to such an extent and its numerical response appeared eventually to reach maximum levels when sufficient prey were available. The emigration rates of P. persimilis tended to increase with increasing predator density whereas those of A. degenerans increased or decreased depending on the density of the predators and the prey.

Experimental studies on acarine predator–prey interactions: the numerical response of immature and adult predators (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1407-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adult Lives

The numerical responses of two species of phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans, were studied in the laboratory. Developmental times and survival rates were examined in the immature instars and oviposition rates in adult females. Prey requirements for development, survival, and oviposition were lower with P. persimilis than A. degenerans due to the nature of their respective feeding and searching behaviour. The fecundity of P. persimilis increased linearly with increasing numbers of prey killed, whereas that of A. degenerans increased curvilinearly. Experiments on the effects of the feeding history of adult females on their fecundity showed that their response depended not only on their most recent nutritional history but also on prey conditions experienced early in their adult lives. The ability of the females to respond to an increase in prey density may be enhanced or reduced depending on the prey conditions experienced. The manner in which the requirements for prey, and the feeding and searching behaviour of the predators, influenced their responses is discussed.

Distribution of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts of different origins in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine and evaluation of factors affecting migration, growth, and survival

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1363-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles L Lacroix ◽  
Derek Knox
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Surface Current ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmon Lice

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) postsmolts surveyed by surface trawling in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine during 2001–2003 were aggregated in several areas in the Bay of Fundy and dispersed over a broader area in the Gulf of Maine. Postsmolt distribution reflected the major surface-current vectors and was independent of origin (wild vs. hatchery, inner vs. outer Bay of Fundy). Migration proceeded without disruption, and marked wild postsmolts from both the inner and outer Bay of Fundy were recaptured in the outer Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine, where their distribution overlapped the commercial fishery for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Marked postsmolts of wild origin were recaptured more frequently than those of hatchery origin but the overall density was low, and no schools of postsmolts were encountered that could offer protection from predators. Temperature and salinity in postsmolt habitat were favourable for growth and survival. Postsmolts were in excellent condition and had no bacterial or viral pathogens or salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). They were feeding on pelagic prey (amphipods, euphausiids, and fish larvae) and the period of accelerated marine growth had started, indicating that environmental conditions and food supply were not limiting growth and survival.

scholarly journals Control of Natural Food with Diazinon for Growth and Survival of Marbled Goby, Oxyeleotris marmorata (Bleeker)

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
M. Nasir ◽  
K. Sumawidjaja ◽  
K. Sumawidjaja ◽  
Irzal Effendi
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Natural Foods

<p>Dua percobaan telah dilakukan, yaitu tanpa dan dengan larva ikan. Percobaan pertama, yang menggunakan 3 konsentrasi diazinon 0. 2 dan 4 ppm dan 3 ulangan, mempelajari pertumbuhan rotifera, cladocera dan copepoda. Percobaan kedua mempunyai 2 perlakuan, yaitu diazinon 0 dan 4 ppm (yang terbaik dari percobaan pertama) serta 4 ulangan untuk mengevaluasi: 1) ketersediaan, pemanfaatan dan susunan jasad-jasad pakan, 2) pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva, serta 3) perkembangan larva ikan. Larva yang berumur satu hari ditebar pada saat kelimpahan rotifera tertinggi di hapa dengan kepadatan 40 larva/1 atau 3.200 larva/hapa. Hapa (mesh 0,8 mm) yang berukuran 50x40x50 cm ditempatkan dalam kolam-kolam beton yang berukuran 4,25x2,00x 0,65 m. Kolam-kolam ini mula-mula dikeringkan selama 2 hari, dipupuk dengan kotoran ayam 1.000 g/m3 dan diisi air setinggi 50 cm. Keesokan harinya kolam dipupuk dengan urea dan tripel superfosfat masing-masing 20 dan 30 g/m3. Dua hari kemudian air diberi diazinon sesuai perlakuan. Hasil percobaan pertama menunjukkan bahwa diazinon meningkatkan ketersediaan rotifera. Populasi rotifera tertinggi dicapai di kolam yang mendapat diazinon 4 ppm. Percobaan kedua memberikan laju pertumbuhan harian dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan serta ketersediaan dan pemanfaatan rotifer tertinggi pada pemberian diazinon 4 ppm.</p> <p>Kata kunci: Pakan alami, larva. <em>Oxyeleotris marmorata, </em>diazinon. kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>Two experiments were conducted, without and with fish larvae. The first experiment, utilizing 3 concentrations of diazinon, i.e. 0, 2 and 4 ppm and 3 replications, evaluated the growth of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods. The second experiment had 2 treatments, i.e. 0 and 4 ppm diazinon and 4 replications evaluated: 1) the availability, utilization and composition of food organisms, 2) the growth and survival rates offish larvae, and 3) the development of larvae. One-day old larvae were stocked at times of highest rotifer concentrations in hapas at 40 larvae/1 or 3,200 larvae/hapa. Hapas (0,8 mm mesh) of 50x40x50 cm were placed in concrete ponds of 4.25x2.00x0,65 m. The ponds were dried for 2 days, fertilized with chicken manure 1.000 g/m3 and filled with water up to 50 cm deep. Next day, the ponds were fertilized with urea and triple superphosphate 20 and 30 g/m3 respectively. Two days later, the water was treated with diazinon according to treatments. The results of the first experiment showed that diazinon increased the availability of rotifers. The highest rotifer populations were obtained in ponds receiving 4 ppm diazinon. The second experiment gave highest daily growth and survival rates of fish larvae, te availability and utilization of rotifers at 4 ppm diazinon.</p> Key words: Natural foods, larvae, <em>Oxyeleotris marmorata, </em>diazinon, survival, growth.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) Larvae in vitro Assay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gürkan Diken ◽  
Orhan Demir ◽  
Mehmet Naz
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Ratio ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Marine Fish Larvae ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius

The aim of this study was to gather preliminary data about the potential inhibitory effects and contributions of live foods used from 3 to 32 days after hatching (DAH) in routine feeding protocols on protease activities of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) larvae, using in vitro techniques. Enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii and Artemia metanauplii were tested in the present study. The highest values of protease activities of meagre larvae at 7 DAH in 2013 and 2014 years were established. The lowest values at 15 DAH in 2013 and at 20 DAH in 2014 were observed. Protease activities of enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii were 21.76&plusmn;0.31, 36.00&plusmn;1.48&ndash;29.33&plusmn;0.93, and 416.44&plusmn;19.7&ndash;403.53&plusmn;11.85 U/mg protein, respectively (p&lt; 0.05). The highest inhibitions of live foods were observed at 7 DAH. The positive contributions of live food Artemia metanauplii&rsquo;s on protease activities of meagre larvae were significant (p&lt; 0.05). The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods on survival and growth rates of meagre larvae, should be taken into account in meagre and other marine fish larvae&rsquo;s future studies. Cysteine protease activities of Artemia sp. should be investigated to provide the higher growth and survival ratio from the feeding protocols used in marine fish larvae.

scholarly journals Growth and survival of dorado Salminus brasiliensis (Pisces, Characidae) post-larvae cultivated with different types of food and photoperiods

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson Haroldo Schütz ◽  
Alex Pires de Oliveira Nuñer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Fish Prey ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Salminus Brasiliensis

The effect of food and photoperiod on dorado (Salminus brasiliensis) post-larvae growth and survival was investigated using the following treatments: LD (Light: Dark) 24:0 + Artemia nauplii (A), LD 24:0 + fish prey (F), LD 14:10 + A, LD 14:10 + F, LD 0:24 +A and LD 0:24 + F. Prochilodus lineatus larvae were used as fish prey. Higher survival rates were registered in fish prey treatments (P<0.05) and were not influenced by photoperiod whereas in Artemia treatments, the survival was very low, but directly proportional to light increase (P<0.05). The better growth in LD 0:24 was related to a safe-energy strategy that reduced energy consumption whereas in LD 24:0, the higher energy consumption reduced the growth. In intermediate photoperiod, the post-larvae did not define a strategy to capture preys, using alternatively the static safe-energy and the swimming consuming energy, which caused higher heterogeneity in growth.

Temperature-dependent larval survival and growth differences among populations of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
D. P. Svozil ◽  
R. K. Kopf ◽  
R. J. Watts ◽  
A.O. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Standard Length ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
High Water ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Murray Cod

Different populations of organisms can vary widely in their responses to environmental conditions and this variation is fundamental to the persistence of species. Using a common garden experiment, we examined temperature-specific growth and survival responses of larvae among populations of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) from four regions of the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia. Fish larvae from the four regions differed significantly in their growth and survival responses at high water temperatures ≥26°C. At 30°C, survival rates of larvae by Day 20 ranged from 0% in the Lachlan region to 82% in the southern region. Opposite to the geographical differences in survival, growth of larvae was highest in the Lachlan (14.8–15.4-mm standard length 95% CI) and lowest in the southern region (13.4–13.9-mm standard length 95% CI) at 26°C where sufficient numbers survived for comparison. Geographical differences in growth and survival responses did not follow a consistent latitudinal gradient as observed for other species, but were closely linked with previously described genetic structure. Our results suggest that the upper thermal limit of M. peelii larvae is near common river temperatures in the MDB and that maintaining functional response diversity and underlying genetic diversity will be important for ensuring the resilience of this apex predator under future climate change.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) Larvae in vitro Assay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gürkan Diken ◽  
Orhan Demir ◽  
Mehmet Naz
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Survival Ratio ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Artemia Nauplii ◽  
Marine Fish Larvae ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius

The aim of this study was to gather preliminary data about the potential inhibitory effects and contributions of live foods used from 3 to 32 days after hatching (DAH) in routine feeding protocols on protease activities of meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) larvae, using in vitro techniques. Enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii and Artemia metanauplii were tested in the present study. The highest values of protease activities of meagre larvae at 7 DAH in 2013 and 2014 years were established. The lowest values at 15 DAH in 2013 and at 20 DAH in 2014 were observed. Protease activities of enriched rotifer, Artemia nauplii, and Artemia metanauplii were 21.76&plusmn;0.31, 36.00&plusmn;1.48&ndash;29.33&plusmn;0.93, and 416.44&plusmn;19.7&ndash;403.53&plusmn;11.85 U/mg protein, respectively (p&lt; 0.05). The highest inhibitions of live foods were observed at 7 DAH. The positive contributions of live food Artemia metanauplii&rsquo;s on protease activities of meagre larvae were significant (p&lt; 0.05). The inhibitory effects and positive contributions of live foods on survival and growth rates of meagre larvae, should be taken into account in meagre and other marine fish larvae&rsquo;s future studies. Cysteine protease activities of Artemia sp. should be investigated to provide the higher growth and survival ratio from the feeding protocols used in marine fish larvae.

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