Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 2. Blood Parameters by Cannulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1597-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Arterial Blood

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exposed for 10 wk to sublethal acid (pH = 5.2) plus Al (150 μg/L) in flowing soft water (Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L) did not exhibit chronic respiratory disturbance or elevated stress indices, as revealed by sampling of arterial blood gases, acid–base status, glucose, and cortisol via an indwelling catheter. Acclimation occurred, which prevented mortality and greatly attenuated the disturbances of respiratory, acid–base, and stress parameters normally seen upon challenge with more severe acid (pH = 4.8) plus Al conditions (333 μg/L} for 3 d. Ionoregulatory, fluid volume, and hematological disturbances were similarly reduced. Higher water Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L) slightly delayed but did not prevent this suite of toxic responses in naive fish. These disturbances did not occur in naive fish challenged with acid alone (pH = 4.8). However, long-term adaptation to acid alone (pH = 5.2) resulted in elevated glucose and cortisol levels and offered no protection against the more severe acid plus Al challenge. Thus the acclimation was to Al rather than to acidity itself, and low levels of Al may be beneficial to fish under chronic acid stress.

Effects of Low pH and Aluminum on Ventilation in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L Walker ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Acid Base Status

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (acclimated to pH = 6.5, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1), when exposed to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) and Al (333 μg∙L−1), responded with a twofold increase in ventilation volume within the first 4 h of the challenge period (100 h). Increased ventilation stroke volume accounted for most of the change in ventilatory response; rate increased slightly. Although ventilation volume returned to prechallenge values by 6 h, coughing (flow reversal) and increased mucus production at the gills were notable throughout the challenge period. There were no significant changes in oxygen consumption or [Formula: see text], but hemoglobin oxygen content (micromoles per gram of hemoglobin) decreased by 20%. Arterial pH decreased as a result of both respiratory and metabolic disturbances. Exposure to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) in the absence of Al resulted in similar initial changes in ventilation and blood acid–base status; however, ventilation remained elevated above the prechallenge values throughout the experiment (24 h). The transient increase and subsequent return of ventilation to prechallenge levels in the acid/Al-exposed fish suggests that Al interfered with the mechanism controlling the ventilatory response.

DIGITALIS TOLERANCE IN YOUNG PUPPIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-736
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Halloran ◽  
Steven C. Schimpff ◽  
Jean G. Nicolas ◽  
Norman S. Talner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Mean

Tolerance to acetyl strophanthidin, a rapid-acting cardiac aglycone, was determined in 28 anesthetized mongrel puppies, ages 16 to 56 days, and compared to tolerance in 16 littermate puppies in whom acute hypercapnic acidemia was produced. The tolerance was also compared to that of four adult mongrel dogs. The toxic dose was defined as the intravenous amount required to produce four consecutive premature ventricular contractions. A marked variation in the toxic dose was found in the 28 control puppies (range 83 to 353 µg/kg, mean 169 µg/kg) which could not be correlated with age, arterial blood gases or pH, serum potassium or sodium, arterial pressure, or heart rate. The toxic dose was significantly greater in the puppies than in the adult dogs, in whom the mean toxic dose was 64 µg/kg (range 50 to 89 µg/kg). A significant increase in tolerance was also observed in the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia (mean toxic dose 220 µg/kg, range 93 to 375 µg/kg) in comparison to tolerance in the control puppies and despite the wide range of tolerance, each of the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia showed greater tolerance than its littermate control puppy. Assessment of the clinical implications of these findings will require study of the effects of alterations in acid-base balance on the inotropic effect of acetyl strophanthidin in addition to the toxic electrophysiologic effects.

scholarly journals Hyperlactacemia in critically ill children: comparison of traditional and Fencl-Stewart methods

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Hari Kushartono ◽  
Antonius H. Pudjiadi ◽  
Susetyo Harry Purwanto ◽  
Imral Chair ◽  
Darlan Darwis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Excess ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Critically Ill Children ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Elevated Lactate

Background Base excess is a single variable used to quantifymetabolic component of acid base status. Several researches havecombined the traditional base excess method with the Stewartmethod for acid base physiology called as Fencl-Stewart method.Objective The purpose of the study was to compare two differentmethods in identifying hyperlactacemia in pediatric patients withcritical illness.Methods The study was performed on 43 patients admitted tothe pediatric intensive care unit of Cipto MangunkusumoHospital, Jakarta. Sodium, potassium, chloride, albumin, lactateand arterial blood gases were measured. All samples were takenfrom artery of all patients. Lactate level of >2 mEq/L was definedas abnormal. Standard base excess (SBE) was calculated fromthe standard bicarbonate derived from Henderson-Hasselbalchequation and reported on the blood gas analyzer. Base excessunmeasured anions (BE UA ) was calculated using the Fencl-Stewartmethod simplified by Story (2003). Correlation between lactatelevels in traditional and Fencl-Stewart methods were measuredby Pearson’s correlation coefficient .Results Elevated lactate levels were found in 24 (55.8%) patients.Lactate levels was more strongly correlated with BE UA (r = - 0.742,P<0.01) than with SBE (r = - 0.516, P<0.01).Conclusion Fencl-Stewart method is better than traditionalmethod in identifying patients with elevated lactate levels, so theFencl-Stewart method is suggested to use in clinical practice.

Introduction to Acid-Base Chemistry and Arterial Blood Gases

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Farrokh Habibzadeh ◽  
Mahboobeh Yadollahie ◽  
Parham Habibzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood

Anesthetic effects on liver and muscle glycogen concentrations: rest and postexercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2895-2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Musch ◽  
B. S. Warfel ◽  
R. L. Moore ◽  
D. R. Larach
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Lactate ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

We compared the effects of three different anesthetics (halothane, ketamine-xylazine, and diethyl ether) on arterial blood gases, acid-base status, and tissue glycogen concentrations in rats subjected to 20 min of rest or treadmill exercise (10% grade, 28 m/min). Results demonstrated that exercise produced significant increases in arterial lactate concentrations along with reductions in arterial Pco2 (PaCO2) and bicarbonate concentrations in all rats compared with resting values. Furthermore, exercise produced significant reductions in the glycogen concentrations in the liver and soleus and plantaris muscles, whereas the glycogen concentrations found in the diaphragm and white gastrocnemius muscles were similar to those found at rest. Rats that received halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia demonstrated an increase in Paco2 and a respiratory acidosis compared with rats that received either anesthesia. These differences in arterial blood gases and acid-base status did not appear to have any effect on tissue glycogen concentrations, because the glycogen contents found in liver and different skeletal muscles were similar to one another cross all three anesthetic groups. These data suggest that even though halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia will produce a significant amount of ventilatory depression in the rat, both anesthetics may be used in studies where changes in tissue glycogen concentrations are being measured and where adequate general anesthesia is required.

Arterial Blood Gases, Acid-Base Balance, and Lactate and Gas Exchange Variables During Hypoxic Exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yoshida ◽  
M. Udo ◽  
M. Chida ◽  
K. Makiguchi ◽  
M. Ichioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Hypoxic Exercise

Arginine Vasotocin, an Osmoregulatory Hormone, as a Potential Indicator of Acid Stress in Fish

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hontela ◽  
J. B. Rasmussen ◽  
D. Ko ◽  
K. Lederis ◽  
G. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Arginine Vasotocin ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Demineralized Water ◽  
Early Warning Indicators ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Warning Indicators

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exposed for 1 wk to pH 5.6 (sublethal acidity) exhibited higher forebrain and pituitary arginine vasotocin (AVT) levels and lower plasma Na+ levels than fish exposed to pH 6.7 (control). Addition of 300 μg total Al/L to water at pH 5.6 did not augment the effect on either the plasma Na+ or the AVT levels. Exposure to demineralized water for 1 wk lowered the plasma Na+ and increased AVT in the forebrain but had no effect on pituitary AVT. The increased AVT levels could be used as early warning indicators of sublethal acid stress in the brook trout. Such indicators, used in wild fish, might become important tools in management of trout lakes in areas threatened by acidification.

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