Relationship between Bioenergetics and Behavior in Anadromous Fish Migrations

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Bernatchez ◽  
Julian J. Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Anadromous Fish ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Migratory Strategy ◽  
And Behavior

Minimizing energetic cost per unit distance is often considered the major criterion that anadromous migrants seek to optimize during upstream migration. To test this theory, we documented energetic expenditures and travel speeds of 15 anadromous fish populations involving 9 species observed during their upstream migration. Parameters that characterized fish migratory behavior and the spawning river were calculated for each population. In most cases, cost per unit distance is not minimized and migratory strategy does not conform to the theoretical optimum. Populations that make long or difficult migrations are more efficient in their use of energy reserves than populations that make shorter migrations. Only populations that need all their energy to complete the migration swim at speeds that approach the theoretical optimum. Migration length may lead to improved migratory efficiency by selecting for larger body size, more accurate upstream orientation, and travel speeds that optimize energy efficiency. The failure to minimize energy expenditures is sometimes due to environmental constraints that exceed the physiological capacities of migrants. Minimizing the probablity of death due to exhaustion may be the major factor determining migratory behavior. Selection for energetic efficiency appears important only in cases where energy reserves are exhausted during migration.

The effects of metabolic inhibitors on the contraction of creatine-depleted muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Mainwood ◽  
M. Alward ◽  
B. Eiselt
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Energy Stores ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Rats were fed on a diet containing 1% β-guanidinopropionate (Gp) to deplete their muscles of creatine. The apparent energy reserves (creatine phosphate (CrP) + ATP) of rested state diaphragm muscle strips were found to be 79% depleted by this treatment. To determine if the effective energy reserves for contraction were depleted to a similar extent, the response to direct electrical stimulation (0.2-s tetani) was measured in the presence of inhibitors of respiration (NaCN) and glycolysis (iodoacetate). Only 4 ± 1 contractions could be elicited from strips from Gp-fed animals. Normal strips gave 15 ± 2 contractions under the same conditions. For both sets of diaphragms the energetic cost of contraction in terms of ~P was approximately 1 μmol/g wet weight. The mean level of Pi generated following stimulation to exhaustion was 10.1 μmol/g more in normal than in depleted strips. It is concluded that no significant additional energy stores such as phosphorylated Gp are readily available for contraction in muscles depleted of creatine by Gp treatment.

Efficiency of uphill locomotion in nocturnal and diurnal lizards

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Farley ◽  
M Emshwiller
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Average Body Mass ◽  
Average Body

Nocturnal geckos can walk on level ground more economically than diurnal lizards. One hypothesis for why nocturnal geckos have a low cost of locomotion is that they can perform mechanical work during locomotion more efficiently than other lizards. To test this hypothesis, we compared the efficiency of the nocturnal gecko Coleonyx variegatus (average body mass 4.2 g) and the diurnal skink Eumeces skiltonianus (average body mass 4.8 g) when they performed vertical work during uphill locomotion. We measured the rate of oxygen consumption when each species walked on the level and up a 50 slope over a range of speeds. For Coleonyx variegatus, the energetic cost of traveling a unit distance (the minimum cost of transport, Cmin) increased from 1.5 to 2.7 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 between level and uphill locomotion. For Eumeces skiltonianus, Cmin increased from 2.5 to 4.7 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 between level and uphill locomotion. By taking the difference between Cmin for level and uphill locomotion, we found that the efficiency of performing vertical work during locomotion was 37 % for Coleonyx variegatus and 19 % for Eumeces skiltonianus. The similarity between the 1.9-fold difference in vertical efficiency and the 1.7-fold difference in the cost of transport on level ground is consistent with the hypothesis that nocturnal geckos have a lower cost of locomotion than other lizards because they can perform mechanical work during locomotion more efficiently.

scholarly journals Assessing the use of rivers as migratory corridors for temperate bats

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-454
Author(s):  
Kevin M Cortes ◽  
Erin H Gillam
Keyword(s):  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Major River ◽  
Bat Migration ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Migratory Movements ◽  
River Corridor

Abstract Investigating landscape-level movement patterns of migratory animals can be challenging, but this is a major component of some animal’s life history and behavior. In particular, bat migration has been difficult to characterize, yet recent research on bat migratory ecology has made major advances. It has been largely accepted that rivers and other linear landscape features may be important migratory corridors for bats during both long- and short-distance migrations. We assessed the migratory behavior of multiple temperate bat species along the Missouri River, a major river corridor in North Dakota, during March through October of 2016–2017. Bat detectors with paired microphones were deployed and oriented parallel to the riverbank. This configuration permitted detection of directional passes of bats, approximately 10–20 m above the microphones and 40 m into the river, which were used as an estimate of migratory behavior. We found the effects of season and species explained less than 2% of the variation of directional passes, indicating an absence of season-specific movement patterns along the studied river corridor. Although our study only assessed a portion of a major river corridor, the results suggest that migratory movements of bats along rivers may not be as straightforward as once thought, highlighting the need for future studies investigating the fine-scaled movement patterns of bats during migration.

Differential Response to Water Current by Two Homozygous LDH Phenotypes of Young Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote ◽  
B. W. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Migratory Behavior ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Downstream Movement

Above-waterfall, wild stocks of rainbow trout fry homozygous for liver lactate dehydrogenase alleles ldh HαA and ldh HαB were artificially propagated, and their response to water current was compared in experimental channels permitting upstream or downstream movement. Although HαA HαA phenotypes showed significantly more upstream movement than HαB HαB phenotypes in tests made under lighted conditions and less downstream movement in darkness, these differences in behavior cannot necessarily be ascribed to the ldh Hα locus. Implications to control of current responses in trout maintaining populations above waterfalls impassible to upstream migration are discussed.Key words: current response, LDH, rainbow trout, migratory behavior

Sand type influences the energetics of nest escape in Brisbane river turtle hatchlings

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Uzair Rusli ◽  
David T. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influence Of Substrate

Freshwater turtles can construct their nest in a wide range of soil types, and because different soil types have different physical characteristics such as particle size distribution and compactness, soil type presumably affects digging performance and the energetics of nest escape of turtle hatchlings. Previous studies have reported how cohort size affects the energetic cost of nest escape in turtle hatchlings, but no studies have reported the influence of substrate type on the energetic cost of nest escape. The time taken and the energy required by the same number of hatchlings to dig through two different sand types were quantified by open-flow respirometry. Brisbane river turtle hatchlings digging through fine sand escaped faster and spent less energy than hatchlings digging through coarse sand, and a larger cohort size provided a clear energetic advantage while digging in both sand types. Across all group sizes, hatchlings digging through fine sand spent 33.8% less energy compared with hatchlings digging through coarse sand. We conclude that hatchlings emerging from nests constructed in fine sand have an energetic advantage over hatchlings emerging from nests constructed in course sand because they would have greater energy reserves upon reaching the nest’s surface.

Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Croom Jr ◽  
Brian McBride ◽  
Anthony R. Bird ◽  
Yang-Kwang Fan ◽  
Jack Odle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na+-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na+/K+ ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200–300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue. Key words: Glucose absorption, intestinal, energy metabolism, peptides, genetic selection

Reliability of Change-of-Direction Economy in Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Dolci ◽  
Andrew E. Kilding ◽  
Tania Spiteri ◽  
Paola Chivers ◽  
Ben Piggott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Physiological Variables

Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of new change-of-direction-economy tests (assessing energetic efficiency when performing continuous shuttle runs) compared with common running-economy tests in soccer players Methods: Sixteen subelite, male soccer players were recruited to perform a testing battery involving running economy (RE), 10-m shuttle-running economy (SRE10), and 20-m shuttle-running economy (SRE20) at 8.4 km·h−1 mean speed on 2 different days within 48 hours. SRE10 and SRE20 consisted of continuous shuttle runs interspersed with 180° directional changes. During the RE, SRE20, and SRE10 tests, respiratory exchange ratio and oxygen uptake were collected and used to calculate the movement-economy values over any running condition as oxygen cost and energetic cost. The secondary variables (carbon dioxide production, heart rate, minute ventilation, and blood lactate) were also monitored during all tests. Results: Depending on expression (oxygen cost or energetic cost), reliability was established for RE (CV: 5.5%–5.8%; ICC = .77–.88), SRE10 (CV: 3.5%–3.8%; ICC = .78–.96), and SRE20 (CV: 3.5%–3.8%; ICC = .66–.94). All secondary physiological variables reported good reliability (CV < 10%), except for blood lactate (CV < 35.8). The RE, SRE10, and SRE20 tests show good reliability in soccer players, whereas blood lactate has the highest variability among physiological variables during the economy tests. Conclusion: The assessment of change-of-direction economy through performing 20- and 10-m shuttle runs is reliable and can be applied to evaluate soccer players’ energetic movement efficiency under more soccer-specific running conditions.

The Effects of Curved Foot Design Parameters on Planar Biped Walking

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Martin ◽  
James P. Schmiedeler
Keyword(s):  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Bipedal Robots ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Circular Arc ◽  
Gait Kinematics ◽  
Hip Kinematics

Although the nature of their gaits is similar, planar bipeds with curved feet have been shown experimentally to be more energetically efficient than those with point feet. Further, both healthy human feet and prosthetic feet can be modeled as a circular arc with the center of curvature in front of the shank. Thus, understanding the effects of a curved foot’s properties on the energetic cost of gait and on gait kinematics has the potential to improve both bipedal robots and prosthesis design. To date, there has not been a systematic study of the effects of changing the foot radius and center of curvature location on symmetric bipeds. This paper explores the effects of changing the curved foot’s geometric properties for both two- and five-link planar, underactuated bipeds with instantaneous transfer of support at impact. It is found that the foot radius has a substantial effect on the energetic efficiency of a gait regardless of the morphology of the biped. The effect of foot center of curvature location on energy efficiency is dependent on the morphology of the biped and is much less significant than the effect of foot radius. Both the foot radius and center of curvature location affect the knee kinematics of the five-link biped. The foot radius affects the hip kinematics of the two-link biped.

scholarly journals The fast and the frugal: Divergent locomotory strategies drive limb lengthening in theropod dinosaurs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alexander Dececchi ◽  
Aleksandra M. Mloszewska ◽  
Thomas R. Holtz ◽  
Michael B. Habib ◽  
Hans C.E. Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Limb Lengthening ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLimb length, cursoriality and speed have long been areas of significant interest in theropod paleobiology as locomotory capacity, especially running ability, is critical in not just in prey pursuit but also to avoid become prey oneself. One aspect that is traditionally overlooked is the impact of allometry on running ability and the limiting effect of large body size. Since several different non-avian theropod lineages have each independently evolved body sizes greater than any known terrestrial carnivorous mammal, ∼1000kg or more, the effect that such larger mass has on movement ability and energetics is an area with significant implications for Mesozoic paleoecology. Here using expansive datasets, incorporating several different metrics to estimate body size, limb length and running speed, to calculate the effects of allometry running We test both on traditional metrics used to evaluate cursoriality in non-avian theropods such as distal limb length, relative hindlimb length as well as comparing the energetic cost savings of relative hindlimb elongation between members of the Tyrannosauridae and more basal megacarnivores such as Allosauroids or Ceratosauridae. We find that once the limiting effects of body size increase is incorporated, no commonly used metric including the newly suggested distal limb index (Tibia + Metatarsus/ Femur length) shows a significant correlation to top speed. The data also shows a significant split between large and small bodied theropods in terms of maximizing running potential suggesting two distinct strategies for promoting limb elongation based on the organisms’ size. For small and medium sized theropods increased leg length seems to correlate with a desire to increase top speed while amongst larger taxa it corresponds more closely to energetic efficiency and reducing foraging costs. We also find, using 3D volumetric mass estimates, that the Tyrannosauridae show significant cost of transport savings compared to more basal clades, indicating reduced energy expenditures during foraging and likely reduced need for hunting forays. This suggests that amongst theropods while no one strategy dictated hindlimb evolution. Amongst smaller bodied taxa the competing pressures of being both a predator and a prey item dominant while larger ones, freed from predation pressure, seek to maximize foraging ability. We also discuss the implications both for interactions amongst specific clades and Mesozoic paleobiology and paleoecological reconstructions as a whole.

scholarly journals Orangutans use compliant branches to lower the energetic cost of locomotion

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K.S Thorpe ◽  
R.H Crompton ◽  
R.McN Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Pongo Abelii ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Gap Crossing ◽  
Tree Sway ◽  
Phys Anthropol

Within the forest canopy, the shortest gaps between tree crowns lie between slender terminal branches. While the compliance of these supports has previously been shown to increase the energetic cost of gap crossing in arboreal animals (e.g. Alexander 1991 Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 78 , 315–320; Demes et al . 1995 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96 , 419–429), field observations suggest that some primates may be able to use support compliance to increase the energetic efficiency of locomotion. Here, we calculate the energetic cost of alternative methods of gap crossing in orangutans ( Pongo abelii ). Tree sway (in which orangutans oscillate a compliant tree trunk with increasing magnitude to bridge a gap) was found to be less than half as costly as jumping, and an order of magnitude less costly than descending the tree, walking to the vine and climbing it. Observations of wild orangutans suggest that they actually use support compliance in many aspects of their locomotor behaviour. This study seems to be the first to show that elastic compliance in arboreal supports can be used to reduce the energetic cost of gap crossing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document