Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Croom Jr ◽  
Brian McBride ◽  
Anthony R. Bird ◽  
Yang-Kwang Fan ◽  
Jack Odle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na+-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na+/K+ ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200–300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue. Key words: Glucose absorption, intestinal, energy metabolism, peptides, genetic selection

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2474
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Gromova ◽  
Serguei O. Fetissov ◽  
Andrey A. Gruzdkov
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Recent genetic advances on boar taint reduction as an alternative to castration: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Ana Souza Duarte ◽  
Martine Schroyen ◽  
Rodrigo Reis Mota ◽  
Sylvie Vanderick ◽  
Nicolas Gengler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Reproduction Traits ◽  
Unpleasant Odor ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Pig Meat ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

AbstractBoar taint is an unpleasant odor in male pig meat, mainly caused by androstenone, skatole, and indole, which are deposited in the fat tissue. Piglet castration is the most common practice to prevent boar taint. However, castration is likely to be banished in a few years due to animal welfare concerns. Alternatives to castration, such as genetic selection, have been assessed. Androstenone and skatole have moderate to high heritability, which makes it feasible to select against these compounds. This review presents the latest results obtained on genetic selection against boar taint, on correlation with other traits, on differences in breeds, and on candidate genes related to boar taint. QTLs for androstenone and skatole have been reported mainly on chromosomes 6, 7, and 14. These chromosomes were reported to contain genes responsible for synthesis and degradation of androstenone and skatole. A myriad of work has been done to find markers or genes that can be used to select animals with lower boar taint. The selection against boar taint could decrease performance of some reproduction traits. However, a favorable response on production traits has been observed by selecting against boar taint. Selection results have shown that it is possible to reduce boar taint in few generations. In addition, modifications in diet and environment conditions could be associated with genetic selection to reduce boar taint. Nevertheless, costs to measure and select against boar taint should be rewarded with incentives from the market; otherwise, it would be difficult to implement genetic selection.

scholarly journals High Heritabilities for Antibiotic Usage Show Potential to Breed for Disease Resistance in Finishing Pigs

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Wim Gorssen ◽  
Dominiek Maes ◽  
Roel Meyermans ◽  
Jürgen Depuydt ◽  
Steven Janssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
On Farm

The use of antimicrobials in animal production is under public debate, mainly due to the risk of transfer of resistance to pathogenic bacteria in humans. Therefore, measures have been taken during the last few decades to reduce antibiotic usage in animals, for instance, by national monitoring programmes and by improving animal health management. Although some initiatives exist in molecular genetic selection, quantitative genetic selection of animals towards decreased antibiotic usage is an underexplored area to reduce antibiotic usage. However, this strategy could yield cumulative effects. In this study, we derived new phenotypes from on-farm parenteral antibiotic records from commercially grown crossbred finishing pigs used in the progeny test of Piétrain terminal sires to investigate the heritability of antibiotics usage. Parenteral antibiotic records, production parameters and pedigree records of 2238 full-sib pens from two experimental farms in Belgium between 2014 and 2020 were analysed. Heritability estimates were moderate (18–44%) for phenotypes derived from all antibiotic treatments, and low (1–15%) for phenotypes derived from treatments against respiratory diseases only. Moreover, genetic correlations between these new phenotypes and mortality were low to moderate (0.08–0.60) and no strong adverse genetic correlations with production traits were found. The high heritabilities and favourable genetic correlations suggest these new phenotypes, derived from on-farm antibiotics records, to be promising for inclusion in future pig breeding programs to breed for a decrease in antibiotics usage.

Bile deficiency induces changes in intestinal glucose absorption in mice

Surgery ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. 1496-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehui Du ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Zefeng Xuan ◽  
Wenfeng Song ◽  
Liangjie Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Consequences of genetic selection for environmental impact traits on economically important traits in dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1966
Author(s):  
Purna Kandel ◽  
Sylvie Vanderick ◽  
Marie-Laure Vanrobays ◽  
Hélène Soyeurt ◽  
Nicolas Gengler
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Natural Logarithm

Methane (CH4) emission is an important environmental trait in dairy cows. Breeding aiming to mitigate CH4 emissions require the estimation of genetic correlations with other economically important traits and the prediction of their selection response. In this study, test-day CH4 emissions were predicted from milk mid-infrared spectra of Holstein cows. Predicted CH4 emissions (PME) and log-transformed CH4 intensity (LMI) computed as the natural logarithm of PME divided by milk yield (MY). Genetic correlations of PME and LMI with traits used currently were approximated from correlations between estimated breeding values of sires. Values were for PME with MY 0.06, fat yield (FY) 0.09, protein yield (PY) 0.13, fertility 0.17; body condition score (BCS) –0.02; udder health (UDH) 0.22; and longevity 0.22. As expected by its definition, values were negative for LMI with production traits (MY –0.61; FY –0.15 and PY –0.40) and positive with fertility (0.36); BCS (0.20); UDH (0.08) and longevity (0.06). The genetic correlations of 33 type traits with PME ranged from –0.12 to 0.25 and for LMI ranged from –0.22 to 0.18. Without selecting PME and LMI (status quo) the relative genetic change through correlated responses of other traits were in PME by 2% and in LMI by –15%, but only due to the correlated response to MY. Results showed for PME that direct selection of this environmental trait would reduce milk carbon foot print but would also affect negatively fertility. Therefore, more profound changes in current indexes will be required than simply adding environmental traits as these traits also affect the expected progress of other traits.

Regulation of intestinal glucose transport

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Philpott ◽  
J. D. Butzner ◽  
J. B. Meddings
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Intestinal Adaptation ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Specific Regulation

The small intestine is capable of adapting nutrient transport in response to numerous stimuli. This review examines several possible mechanisms involved in intestinal adaptation. In some cases, the enhancement of transport is nonspecific, that is, the absorption of many nutrients is affected. Usually, increased transport capacity in these instances can be attributed to an increase in intestinal surface area. Alternatively, some conditions induce specific regulation at the level of the enterocyte that affects the transport of a particular nutrient. Since the absorption of glucose from the intestine is so well characterized, it serves as a useful model for this type of intestinal adaptation. Four potential sites for the specific regulation of glucose transport have been described, and each is implicated in different situations. First, mechanisms at the brush-border membrane of the enterocyte are believed to be involved in the upregulation of glucose transport that occurs in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and alterations in dietary carbohydrate levels. Also, factors that increase the sodium gradient across the enterocyte may increase the rate of glucose transport. It has been suggested that an increase in activity of the basolaterally located Na+–K+ ATPase could be responsible for this phenomena. The rapid increase in glucose uptake seen in hyperglycemia seems to be mediated by an increase in both the number and activity of glucose carriers located at the basolateral membrane. More recently, it was demonstrated that mechanisms at the basolateral membrane also play a role in the chronic increase in glucose transport observed when dietary carbohydrate levels are increased. Finally, alterations in tight-junction permeability enhance glucose absorption from the small intestine. The possible signals that prompt these adaptive responses in the small intestine include glucose itself and humoral as well as enteric nervous interactions.Key words: intestinal transport, glucose transport, intestinal adaptation.

scholarly journals Potential of Syzygium polyanthum (Daun Salam) in Lowering Blood Glucose Level: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Salsabeela Mohd Rahim ◽  
Ida Farah Ahmad ◽  
Terence Yew Chin Tan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Herbal Decoction ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Syzygium polyanthum is a herb widely used in Malaysia and Indonesia in cuisines. Traditionally, the herbal decoction of S. polyanthum (daun salam) leaves is often used by diabetic patients in Indonesia. Therefore, our objective is to evaluate the scientific evidence available for S. polyanthum in lowering blood glucose levels (BGL). We systematically searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, CENTRAL. LILAC and clinicaltrials.gov databases up to 23rd October 2020 using the keywords “Syzygium polyanthum” and “antidiabetic”. From the selected 413 articles, eight studies involving rodents were included. All results showed a significant effect in lowering BGL without any adverse effects. The possible underlying mechanism of action is attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and enhancing glucose uptake by the muscles. Chemical families responsible for the effect were determined as flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Thus, S. polyanthum leaves showed potential antidiabetic properties, but further research is required to identify the active compounds followed by the safety evaluation of this compound.

scholarly journals High heritabilities for antibiotic usage show potential to breed for disease resistance in finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Gorssen ◽  
Dominiek Maes ◽  
Roel Meyermans ◽  
Jurgen Depuydt ◽  
Steven Janssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Parenteral Antibiotic ◽  
On Farm

The use of antimicrobials in animal production is under public debate, mainly due to the risk of transfer of resistance to pathogenic bacteria in humans. Therefore, measures have been taken during the last decades to reduce antibiotic usage in animals, for instance by national monitoring programmes and by improving animal health management. Although some initiatives exist in molecular genetic selection, quantitative genetic selection of animals towards decreased antibiotic usage is an underexplored area to reduce antibiotic usage. However, this strategy could yield cumulative effects. In this study we derived new phenotypes from on-farm parenteral antibiotic records from commercially grown crossbred finishing pigs used in the progeny test of Pietrain terminal sires to investigate the heritability of antibiotics usage. Parenteral antibiotic records, production parameters and pedigree records of 2238 full-sib pens from two experimental farms in Belgium between 2014 and 2020 were analysed. Heritability estimates were moderate (18-44%) for phenotypes derived from all antibiotic treatments, and low (1-15%) for phenotypes derived from treatments against respiratory diseases only. Moreover, genetic correlations between these new phenotypes and mortality were low to moderate (0.08-0.60) and no strong adverse genetic correlations with production traits were found. The high heritabilities and favourable genetic correlations suggest these new phenotypes derived from on-farm antibiotics records to be promising for inclusion in future pig breeding programs to breed for a decrease in antibiotics usage.

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