Quantitative Estimation of Epiphytic Invertebrate Populations

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1570-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Downing ◽  
Hélène Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Spatial Variance ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
Invertebrate Population ◽  
Epiphytic Invertebrates

Quantitative comparisons were made of the relative accuracy, precision, and cost of various population estimation techniques for epiphytic invertebrates. Quadrat clipping was often more accurate than the Gerking, Macan, Minto, or KUG samplers, yielding population estimates an average of sevenfold greater where differences were found. All quadrat sizes (112 cm2 to 1 m2) usually yielded equal estimates of epiphytic invertebrate populations. The spatial variance of replicate epiphytic invertebrate samples increased with population density and decreased with the size of sampler employed (R2 = 0.94; n = 497). All samplers yielded equivalent levels of sampling precision. A method providing provisional estimates of the requisite number of replicate samples for a given level of precision is presented. Greater replication is required at low invertebrate population density or when small samplers are used. The most cost effective sampler size for the phytofauna is about 500 cm2. Improved sampling design can result in up to fivefold reductions in sampling effort. Taxa examined include Acari, Amphipoda, Chironomidae, Cladocera, Copepoda, Gastropoda, Hirudinea, Lepidoptera, Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Trichoptera, and Turbellaria.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Sampling Design of a Long-Term Community-Based Estuary Monitoring Program

Fishes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Jess A. Kidd ◽  
Monica Boudreau ◽  
Robert C. Bailey ◽  
Michael R. van den Heuvel ◽  
Mark R. Servos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Term Data

Community-based monitoring programs (CBMPs) are a cost-effective option to collect the long-term data required to effectively monitor estuaries. Data quality concerns have caused some CBMP datasets, which could fill knowledge gaps for aquatic ecosystems, to go unused. The Community Aquatic Monitoring Program (CAMP) is a CBMP that has collected littoral nekton assemblage data from estuaries in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence since 2003. Concerns with the CAMP sampling design (station placement and numbers) have prevented decision-makers from using the data to inform estuary health assessments. This study tested if CAMP’s sampling design that accommodates volunteer participation provides similar information as a scientific sampling approach. Six CAMP stations and six stations selected using a stratified random design were sampled at ten estuaries. A permutational-MANOVA revealed nekton assemblages were generally not significantly different between the two sampling designs. The current six CAMP stations are sufficient to detect the larger differences in species abundances that may indicate differences in estuary condition. The predicted increase in precision (2%) with twelve stations is not substantive enough to warrant an increased sampling effort. CAMP’s scientific utility is not limited by station selection bias or numbers. Furthermore, well-designed CBMPs can produce comparable data to scientific studies.

scholarly journals Author Correction: Spatial variance-mass allometry of population density in felids from camera-trapping studies worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Anile ◽  
Sébastien Devillard
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Camera Trapping ◽  
Spatial Variance

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Estimating the Size of the Human Trafficking Problem: MSE and Other Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110298
Author(s):  
Sheldon X. Zhang ◽  
Jacqueline Joudo Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
Prevalence Estimation ◽  
Victim Services ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

The prevalence of human trafficking has remained as elusive as the method of producing its estimation is contested. There are significant variations in the way prevalence estimation is produced, with some methods garnering more attention than others. To complicate the issue further, the hidden nature of human trafficking makes it difficult to apply conventional probability-based sampling strategies, without which for reference purposes one cannot easily assess the merits of alternative estimation techniques. This special issue represents the most recent development and applications of one particular method, the multiple systems estimation (MSE) method. Although we remain biased towards primary data for prevalence estimation, MSE represents a cost-effective alternative for the purposes of advocacy, policymaking, and victim services.

scholarly journals Luffa cylindrica Immobilized with Aspergillus terreus QMS-1: an Efficient and Cost-Effective Strategy for the Removal of Congo Red using Stirred Tank Reactor

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
QANDEEL LARAIB ◽  
MARYAM SHAFIQUE ◽  
NUSRAT JABEEN ◽  
SEHAR AFSHAN NAZ ◽  
HAFIZ RUB NAWAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congo Red ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Luffa Cylindrica ◽  
Stirred Tank Bioreactor ◽  
Efficient System

Microbial populations within the rhizosphere have been considered as prosperous repositories with respect to bioremediation aptitude. Among various environmental contaminants, effluent from textile industries holds a huge amount of noxious colored materials having high chemical oxygen demand concentrations causing ecological disturbances. The study was aimed to explore the promising mycobiome of rhizospheric soil for the degradation of azo dyes to develop an efficient system for the exclusion of toxic recalcitrants. An effluent sample from the textile industry and soil samples from the rhizospheric region of Musa acuminata and Azadirachta indica were screened for indigenous fungi to decolorize Congo red, a carcinogenic diazo dye, particularly known for its health hazards to the community. To develop a bio-treatment process, Aspergillus terreus QMS-1 was immobilized on pieces of Luffa cylindrica and exploited in stirred tank bioreactor under aerobic and optimized environment. Quantitative estimation of Congo red decolorization was carried out using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The effects of fungal immobilization and biosorption on the native structure of Luffa cylindrica were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. A. terreus QMS-1 can remove (92%) of the dye at 100 ppm within 24 h in the presence of 1% glucose and 1% ammonium sulphate at pH 5.0. The operation of the bioreactor in a continuous flow for 12 h with 100 ppm of Congo red dye in simulated textile effluent resulted in 97% decolorization. The stirred tank bioreactor was found to be a dynamic, well maintained, no sludge producing approach for the treatment of textile effluents by A. terreus QMS-1 of the significant potential for decolorization of Congo red.

scholarly journals Towards improved, cost-effective surveillance of Ixodes ricinus ticks and associated pathogens using species distribution modelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Signorini ◽  
Anna-Sofie Stensgaard ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
Giulia Simonato ◽  
Federica Marcer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Ecological Requirements

Various ticks exist in the temperate hilly and pre-alpine areas of Northern Italy, where Ixodes ricinus is the more important. In this area different tick-borne pathogen monitoring projects have recently been implemented; we present here the results of a twoyear field survey of ticks and associated pathogens, conducted 2009-2010 in North-eastern Italy. The cost-effectiveness of different sampling strategies, hypothesized a posteriori based on two sub-sets of data, were compared and analysed. The same two subsets were also used to develop models of habitat suitability, using a maximum entropy algorithm based on remotely sensed data. Comparison of the two strategies (in terms of number of ticks collected, rates of pathogen detection and model accuracy) indicated that monitoring at many temporary sites was more cost-effective than monthly samplings at a few permanent sites. The two model predictions were similar and provided a greater understanding of ecological requirements of I. ricinus in the study area. Dense vegetation cover, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, was identified as a good predictor of tick presence, whereas high summer temperatures appeared to be a limiting factor. The study suggests that it is possible to obtain realistic results (in terms of pathogens detection and development of habitat suitability maps) with a relatively limited sampling effort and a wellplanned monitoring strategy.

scholarly journals Optimizing a stratified sampling design when faced with multiple objectives

2006 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Miller ◽  
John R. Skalski ◽  
James N. Ianelli
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Multiple Objectives ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Coverage Rates

Abstract Miller, T. J., Skalski, J. R., and Ianelli, J. N. 2007. Optimizing a stratifield sampling design when faced with multiple objectives – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 97–109. For many stratified sampling designs, the data collected are used by multiple parties with different estimation objectives. Quantitative methods to determine allocation of sampling effort to different strata to satisfy the often disparate estimation objectives are lacking. Analytical results for the sampling fractions and sample sizes for primary units within each stratum of a stratified (multi-stage) sampling design that are optimal with respect to a weighted sum of relative variances for the estimation objectives are presented. Further, an approach for assessing gains or losses for each estimation objective by changing allocation of sample sizes to each stratum is provided. As an illustration, the analytical results are applied to determine optimal observer sampling fractions (coverage rates) for the North Pacific Groundfish Observer Programme (NPGOP), for which the multiple objectives are assumed to be bycatch (seabird, marine mammal, and non-targeted fish species) and total catch, and catch-at-length and -age of targeted fish species. Simultaneously optimizing a criterion that defines the strata of the NPGOP sampling design is also considered. When observer coverage rates are allowed to be gear-specific for the NPGOP design, the optimized objective function is between 10% and 28% less than the value corresponding to current sampling for annual data (2000–2003) and 12% less when optimized over all years combined.

Corrigendum to: Depth-related composition and structuring of tropical riverine fish assemblages revealed by baited video

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 1976
Author(s):  
Stephen Cousins ◽  
Mark J. Kennard ◽  
Brendan C. Ebner
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Underwater Video ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Lutjanus Argentimaculatus ◽  
Riverine Fish

The aim of the present study was to determine whether boat-based deployment of remote underwater video cameras is effective for surveying fish assemblages in the deepest reaches of two large tropical rivers in north-eastern Australia. In addition, we compared fish assemblages recorded on baited versus unbaited cameras, and evaluated the sampling effort (duration of recording) required to estimate fish assemblages using remote underwater videos. We found that fish assemblages differed according to the depth, with statistically significant differences largely attributable to the prevalence of small-bodied species (Ambassis sp., Melanotaenia sp. and Pseudomugil signifer recorded in shallow (0.4–2.0m) and intermediate (2.1–4.9m) depths, and larger-bodied fish species (>10cm TL), such as Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Mesopristes argenteus and Caranx sexfasciatus, in deep water (>5.0m). Estimates of fish assemblage attributes generally stabilised after 60min recording duration, suggesting that interrogation of video footage beyond this duration may not be cost-effective. We conclude that depth is an important consideration when surveying large and deep river fish assemblages and that where water clarity is favourable, underwater video provides one of the means by which an assemblage can be investigated across the entire depth profile.

scholarly journals Evaluating and benchmarking biodiversity monitoring: Metadata-based indicators for sampling design, sampling effort and data analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 624-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Lengyel ◽  
Beatrix Kosztyi ◽  
Dirk S. Schmeller ◽  
Pierre-Yves Henry ◽  
Mladen Kotarac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring

scholarly journals Parasitism alters three power laws of scaling in a metazoan community: Taylor’s law, density-mass allometry, and variance-mass allometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1791-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Lagrue ◽  
Robert Poulin ◽  
Joel E. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Spatial Variance ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Power Law Function ◽  
Taylor’S Law ◽  
Animal Community ◽  
Parameter Values

How do the lifestyles (free-living unparasitized, free-living parasitized, and parasitic) of animal species affect major ecological power-law relationships? We investigated this question in metazoan communities in lakes of Otago, New Zealand. In 13,752 samples comprising 1,037,058 organisms, we found that species of different lifestyles differed in taxonomic distribution and body mass and were well described by three power laws: a spatial Taylor’s law (the spatial variance in population density was a power-law function of the spatial mean population density); density-mass allometry (the spatial mean population density was a power-law function of mean body mass); and variance-mass allometry (the spatial variance in population density was a power-law function of mean body mass). To our knowledge, this constitutes the first empirical confirmation of variance-mass allometry for any animal community. We found that the parameter values of all three relationships differed for species with different lifestyles in the same communities. Taylor's law and density-mass allometry accurately predicted the form and parameter values of variance-mass allometry. We conclude that species of different lifestyles in these metazoan communities obeyed the same major ecological power-law relationships but did so with parameters specific to each lifestyle, probably reflecting differences among lifestyles in population dynamics and spatial distribution.

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