Gas Supersaturation as a Cause of Early Spring Mortality of Stocked Trout

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Mathias ◽  
Jan Barica
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Prairie Lakes ◽  
Algal Photosynthesis ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings, stocked through the ice of shallow prairie lakes, experienced high mortality even though algal photosynthesis had returned whole-lake oxygen concentrations to normal levels prior to ice melting. Fish caged beneath the ice showed symptoms of asphyxiation or gas bubble disease, depending on depth. Asphyxiation occurred at oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/L We identify total dissolved gas tension as the primary cause of bubble disease and resulting mortality, and demonstrate the relative contribution of oxygen and nitrogen to total gas tension. Significant mortalities were associated with oxygen relative partial pressures (gas partial pressure relative to total hydrostatic pressure) exceeding 0.2, but only when accompanied by nitrogen relative partial pressures above 1.1. Total relative gas tension under these circumstances exceeded 1.3. An increase in nitrogen partial pressures over the winter was attributed to the physical freeze-out of nitrogen from the ice in shallow lakes where reduction of lake volume due to ice formation is substantial.

Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Gas Bubble Disease in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Machado ◽  
T. G. Bell ◽  
A. L. Trapp ◽  
D. L. Garling Jr. ◽  
N. R. Kevern
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Prolonged Survival ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Afferent Arterioles

Cumulative mortalities of 100, 50, 20, and 0% due to gas bubble disease (GBD) occurred on exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 180 min to supersaturated water at 136, 130, 124, and 116% total dissolved gas saturation (TDGS), respectively. At 130% TDGS, a prior exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), which converted 80% of the hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), significantly prolonged survival time, but cumulative mortality was insignificantly reduced in the same group. Histologically, all supersaturation mortalities had branchial lesions for GBD (characterized by gas displacement of blood from the afferent arterioles of the gill filaments), while 70% had gas emboli in the retinal choroid gland. At a TDGS of 100%, these histological lesions were not observed and the CO 80% COHb conversion did not induce mortality within 120 min. Breathing movements of both control and CO-exposed fish slowed greatly when a TDGS of 130% was imposed; however, the COHb conversion initiated tachypnea and the CO-treated fish maintained a relatively higher respiratory rate when exposed to supersaturation conditions for a period which was proportional to their prolonged survival time. We concluded that the initial formation of gas emboli preceding fatal GBD was delayed as a result of a CO-inhibited function of hemoglobin.

scholarly journals Carbonate saturation state of surface waters in the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean: controls and implications for the onset of aragonite undersaturation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 8429-8465 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. DeJong ◽  
R. B. Dunbar ◽  
D. A. Mucciarone ◽  
D. A. Koweek
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
System Data ◽  
Algal Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbon System

Abstract. Predicting when surface waters of the Ross Sea and Southern Ocean will become undersaturated with respect to biogenic carbonate minerals is challenging in part due to the lack of baseline high resolution carbon system data. Here we present ~ 1700 surface total alkalinity measurements from the Ross Sea and along a transect between the Ross Sea and southern Chile from the austral autumn (February–March 2013). We calculate the saturation state of aragonite (ΩAr) and calcite (ΩCa) using measured total alkalinity and pCO2. In the Ross Sea and south of the Polar Front, variability in carbonate saturation state (Ω) is mainly driven by algal photosynthesis. Freshwater dilution and calcification have minimal influence on Ω variability. We estimate an early spring surface water ΩAr value of ~ 1.2 for the Ross Sea using a total alkalinity–salinity relationship and historical pCO2 measurements. Our results suggest that the Ross Sea is not likely to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite until the year 2070.

Factors Controlling Oxygen Depletion in Ice-Covered Lakes

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Mathias ◽  
Jan Barica
Keyword(s):  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Lake Management ◽  
Eddy Diffusion ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Experimental Lakes Area ◽  
Lake Volume ◽  
Basin Morphometry ◽  
Depletion Rate ◽  
Prairie Lakes

Winter oxygen depletion rates from four sets of Canadian lakes (prairie, southeastern Ontario, Arctic, and Experimental Lakes Area) differing in morphometry and trophic state, were analyzed. An inverse relationship was found between oxygen depletion rate and mean depth. The effect of lake trophic status on oxygen depletion rate was demonstrable after the influence of basin morphometry was removed by regression of oxygen depletion rate against the sediment area: lake volume ratio. The sediments of eutrophic lakes consumed oxygen about 3 times faster (0.23 g∙m−2∙d−1) than those of oligotrophic lakes (0.08 g∙m−2∙d−1), but water column respiration was about the same (0.01 g∙m−3∙d−1) for both groups of lakes. Data from prairie lakes showed that the winter oxygen consumption was limited by oxygen supply below an average whole-lake oxygen concentration of 3.8 mg∙L−1. The rate of eddy diffusion near the sediments in ice-covered prairie lakes was 3.72 ± 1.41 × 10−3 cm2∙s−1. Implications for lake management during the winter are discussed.Key words: oxygen, depletion, respiration, lakes, ice-covered, winter, sediments, model, consumption

Distribution of the Stonefly Nymph Paragnetina media (Plecoptera:Perlidae): Influence of Prey, Predators, Current Speed, and Substrate Composition

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1582-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair W. Feltmate ◽  
Robert L. Baker ◽  
Philip J. Pointing
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Current Speed ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Substrate Selection ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Lighting Condition ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Paragnetina Media

Effects of prey distribution, presence of a predator, current speed, and substrate composition on distribution of the predaceous stonefly nymph Paragnetina media (Walker) were examined in a large laboratory stream. Distribution of prey (Hydropsyche sparna, H. bronta) did not affect distribution of well-fed or non-fed (48 h) nymphs. However, P. media distribution was significantly influenced by independent and interactive effects of current speed (0.33–0.41 m∙s−1) and substrate composition (53.0–110.0 mm in diameter). In the presence of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), P. media selected more specifically for larger substrate on which risk of predation was less than on smaller size classes. Lighting condition had no effect on substrate selection. Laboratory findings were consistent with distribution of P. media observed in the Credit River, Ontario, during midsummer, late fall, and early spring.

scholarly journals Eco-environmentally friendly operational regulation: an effective strategy to diminish the TDG supersaturation of reservoirs

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 14355-14390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Feng ◽  
R. Li ◽  
R. F. Liang ◽  
X. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Regulation Scheme ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Natural Rivers

Abstract. The presence of elevated total dissolved gas (TDG) downstream of a spillway may result in an increased incidence of gas bubble disease in fish. Supersaturated TDG is transported and dissipated more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of a higher water depth and lower turbulence and endangers fish. This paper presents the operational regulations concerning the mitigation of the TDG supersaturation impact on fish in the Bala Reservoir on the Zumuzu River. The paper includes the joint operations of the upstream and downstream power stations. A laterally averaged two-dimensional model is employed to simulate the TDG transportation and dissipation in the Bala Reservoir in addition to the hydrodynamics and water temperature. According to a comparison of the simulation results of different operational scenarios, this paper suggests a regulation scheme. With respect to the upstream power station, the adoption of an interval-discharge pattern instead of a continuous-discharge pattern is recommended to minimize the negative effect on the reservoir caused by supersaturated TDG. With respect to the downstream power station, the adoption of a surface tunnel rather than a bottom tunnel is recommended as a release structure. This paper is a reference for the eco-environmentally friendly operation of large and deep reservoirs.

Discontinuous gas exchange cycles in aphodius fossor (Scarabaeidae): a test of hypotheses concerning origins and mechanisms

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Chown ◽  
P. Holter
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Test Of Hypotheses ◽  
Default State ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

It has been suggested that discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) in insects evolved in response to hypoxic and/or hypercapnic environments, and that the flutter phase of the DGC is predominantly diffusive. We tested these hypotheses by examining the rate of CO(2) release at a declining series of oxygen partial pressures in adults of Aphodius fossor, an inhabitant of moist to wet dung pats that can have low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations. This mesic species showed a pronounced DGC, but progressively abandoned it when exposed to declining oxygen concentrations. That is, in response to a reduction in oxygen concentration, the closed phase declined in length and eventually disappeared, the flutter phase declined in length, while the flutter phase rate of CO(2) release increased, the open phase peak rate of CO(2) release declined and DGC frequency increased. Nonetheless, overall CO(2) release rate remained virtually unchanged. Thus, it appears that the flutter phase in A. fossor has a significant convective component. In addition, in response to declining oxygen concentrations, the spiracles are opened for prolonged periods to increase gas exchange. This behaviour is unlikely to incur a significant water loss penalty in the moist habitats in which A. fossor lives. Given the switch to continuous ventilation by A. fossor under hypoxic conditions, we conclude that current adaptive explanations for the DGC are inadequate. Rather, the DGC may be the default state of a system regulated by two interacting feedback loops when demands are absent.

scholarly journals Eco-environmentally friendly operational regulation: an effective strategy to diminish the TDG supersaturation of reservoirs

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1213-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feng ◽  
R. Li ◽  
R. Liang ◽  
X. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Regulation Scheme ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Natural Rivers

Abstract. The presence of elevated total dissolved gas (TDG) downstream of a spillway may result in an increased incidence of gas bubble disease in fish. Supersaturated TDG is transported and dissipated more slowly in reservoirs than in natural rivers because of a higher water depth and lower turbulence and thus endangers fish. This paper presents the operational regulations concerning the mitigation of the TDG supersaturation impact on fish in the Bala Reservoir on the Zumuzu River. The paper includes the joint operations of the upstream and downstream power stations. A laterally averaged two-dimensional model is employed to simulate the TDG transportation and dissipation in the Bala Reservoir in addition to the hydrodynamics and water temperature. According to a comparison of the simulation results of different operational scenarios, this paper suggests a regulation scheme. With respect to the upstream power station, the adoption of an interval-discharge pattern instead of a continuous-discharge pattern is recommended to minimize the negative effect on the reservoir caused by supersaturated TDG. With respect to the downstream power station, the adoption of a surface tunnel rather than a bottom tunnel is recommended as a release structure. This paper is a reference for the eco-environmentally friendly operation of large and deep reservoirs.

Oxygen Availability Provides a Signal for Hatching in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Embryo

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith E. Latham ◽  
John J. Just
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Partial Pressures

The hatching of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) embryos can be stimulated by subjecting them to low oxygen partial pressures [Formula: see text] during the final days of incubation or delayed by elevating [Formula: see text]. Most embryos develop the ability to hatch between days 26 and 27 of incubation at 12 °C. During this time, similar hatching frequencies are obtained at any [Formula: see text] below a critical value in the 94–135 mm Hg (6.5–9.3 mg/L) range (1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa). The [Formula: see text] required for continued incubation increases with developmental time such that hatching cannot be delayed beyond day 30 at 12 °C. These results indicate that oxygen availability influences the time at which trout embryos hatch and that hatching occurs when hatchable embryos are confronted with an ambient [Formula: see text] that is inadequate to satisfy aerobic metabolic requirements.

scholarly journals Formation of Alkenes via Degradation oftert-Alkyl Ethers and Alcohols by Aquincola tertiaricarbonis L108 and Methylibium spp.

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
pp. 5981-5987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Schäfer ◽  
Liudmila Muzica ◽  
Judith Schuster ◽  
Naemi Treuter ◽  
Mònica Rosell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Alkyl Ether ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mononuclear Iron ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Fuel Oxygenate ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

ABSTRACTBacterial degradation pathways of fuel oxygenates such as methyltert-butyl andtert-amyl methyl ether (MTBE and TAME, respectively) have already been studied in some detail. However, many of the involved enzymes are still unknown, and possible side reactions have not yet been considered. InAquincola tertiaricarbonisL108,Methylibium petroleiphilumPM1, andMethylibiumsp. strain R8, we have now detected volatile hydrocarbons as by-products of the degradation of thetert-alkyl ether metabolitestert-butyl andtert-amyl alcohol (TBA and TAA, respectively). The alkene isobutene was formed only during TBA catabolism, while the beta and gamma isomers of isoamylene were produced only during TAA conversion. Bothtert-alkyl alcohol degradation and alkene production were strictly oxygen dependent. However, the relative contribution of the dehydration reaction to total alcohol conversion increased with decreasing oxygen concentrations. In resting-cell experiments where the headspace oxygen content was adjusted to less than 2%, more than 50% of the TAA was converted to isoamylene. Isobutene formation from TBA was about 20-fold lower, reaching up to 4% alcohol turnover at low oxygen concentrations. It is likely that the putativetert-alkyl alcohol monooxygenase MdpJ, belonging to the Rieske nonheme mononuclear iron enzymes and found in all three strains tested, or an associated enzymatic step catalyzed the unusual elimination reaction. This was also supported by the detection ofmdpJKgenes in MTBE-degrading and isobutene-emitting enrichment cultures obtained from two treatment ponds operating at Leuna, Germany. The possible use of alkene formation as an easy-to-measure indicator of aerobic fuel oxygenate biodegradation in contaminated aquifers is discussed.

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