Discrimination by External Features between Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Blueback Herring (A. aestivalis)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia MacLellan ◽  
G. E. (Buck) Newsome ◽  
Peter A. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Specific Character ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
Species Specific

This study reviews methods formerly recommended for discriminating between the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (A. aestivalis) and suggests an alternate, more efficient, external species-specific character. The method relies on differences in scale imbrication patterns and scale morphology.Key words: alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus; blueback herring, A. aestivalis; morphology, meristics, identification

scholarly journals Genetics and Hatchery Management: A Parentage-based Tagging Approach to Blueback Herring Conservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather K. Evans ◽  
Kara B. Carlson ◽  
Russ Wisser ◽  
Morgan E. Raley ◽  
Katy M. Potoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Method ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
River Herring ◽  
Alosa Aestivalis ◽  
Additional Challenge ◽  
Nextgeneration Sequencing

Abstract Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis populations throughout the East Coast have declined precipitously since the late 1980s and were listed as a Species of Concern in 2006 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Natural resource agencies are attempting to restore this species to viable and sustainable levels with fry stockings cultured in hatcheries. To evaluate the long-term contribution of stockings to populations, agencies need an accurate method to track these stocking efforts. Genetic parentage-based tagging is recognized as a feasible means of assessing hatchery contribution of stocked fish to rivers of interest. However, Blueback Herring lack a reliable set of genetic markers to conduct parentage-based tagging. To this end, we analyzed previously described microsatellites as well as new microsatellite markers identified through NextGeneration sequencing to create a suite of 14 Blueback Herring markers useful for parentage-based tagging. The markers were successful in parentage analysis for Blueback Herring collected from the Chowan River, North Carolina. An additional challenge in the management of Blueback Herring is the ability to phenotypically distinguish Blueback Herring from the closely related Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Furthermore, recent studies provide evidence that these two species, collectively referred to as river herring, may be hybridizing with one another in some systems. Microsatellite marker AsaC334 can be utilized to discriminate between the two species, as well as to identify their F1 hybrids, thereby providing another genetic tool for hatchery management.

Evidence for temperature-dependent shifts in spawning times of anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Lombardo ◽  
Jeffrey A. Buckel ◽  
Ernie F. Hain ◽  
Emily H. Griffith ◽  
Holly White
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
River Herring ◽  
Alosa Aestivalis ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

We analyzed four decades of presence–absence data from a fishery-independent survey to characterize the long-term phenology of river herring (alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus; and blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis) spawning migrations in their southern distribution. We used logistic generalized additive models to characterize the average ingress, peak, and egress timing of spawning. In the 2010s, alewife arrived to spawning habitat 16 days earlier and egressed 27 days earlier (peak 12 days earlier) relative to the 1970s. Blueback herring arrived 5 days earlier and egressed 23 days earlier (peak 13 days earlier) in the 2010s relative to the 1980s. The changes in ingress and egress timing have shortened the occurrence in spawning systems by 11 days for alewife over four decades and 18 days for blueback herring over three decades. We found that the rate of vernal warming was faster during 2001–2016 relative to 1973–1988 and is the most parsimonious explanation for changes in spawning phenology. The influence of a shortened spawning season on river herring population dynamics warrants further investigation.

Lipid content and energy expenditure in the spawning migration of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1902-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Crawford ◽  
R. Roland Cusack ◽  
Timothy R. Parlee
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
Alosa Aestivalis ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Very High ◽  
Immature Fish

For the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) total lipid content was neither size nor sex specific. The lipid content of alewife and blueback herring from the LaHave River, Nova Scotia, was similar at 7.6 and 7.0%, respectively. However, in samples from the Margaree River there was a significant difference in lipid content between alewife and blueback herring (7.8% vs. 5.4%, respectively). The difference appeared to be a consequence of water temperature since late migrants of both species had a significantly lower lipid content. For alewife migration in the LaHave River, a distance of 31 km, lipid content declined by 22%, whereas in the Margaree River lipid loss was 18% over 32 km. Lipid content was also dependent on reproductive maturity, with lipid levels of 14.4, 8.7, and 5.4% in immature, prespawning, and spent alewife from site 1 on the Margaree River. Immature fish were characterized by a very high lipid content associated with the visceral organs. Protein utilization was not evident in the prespawning migration of alewife from the LaHave River. Based on lipid depletion the migration energetics of alewife in the two rivers were similar at 21.68 and 18.53 kJ∙kg−1∙km−1 in the LaHave and Margaree Rivers, respectively.

Using habitat association models to predict Alewife and Blueback Herring marine distributions and overlap with Atlantic Herring and Atlantic Mackerel: can incidental catches be reduced?

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1912-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Turner ◽  
John P. Manderson ◽  
David E. Richardson ◽  
John J. Hoey ◽  
Jonathan A. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Atlantic Mackerel ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
River Herring

Abstract Concern over the impacts of incidental catches of Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus and Blueback Herring, A. aestivalis (collectively managed as ‘river herring’) in the commercial Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fisheries has resulted in the recent implementation of river herring incidental catch limits. These incidental catches are highly variable in frequency and magnitude, and the environmental conditions associated with these catches are poorly understood. We used generalized additive models (GAMs) to describe habitat associations of Alewife, Blueback Herring, Atlantic Herring, and Atlantic Mackerel. Bottom temperature, bottom depth, bottom salinity, solar azimuth and elevation, and region of the Northeast U.S. continental shelf were all significant in the habitat models; GAMs explained 25.2, 16.9, 18.9, and 20.6% of the deviance observed for the presence/absence of Alewife, Blueback Herring, Atlantic Herring, and Atlantic Mackerel. A subset of the data was omitted from the model and the probability of presence was compared with observations; 66–77% of observations were correctly predicted. The individual probabilities of presence were used to quantify and evaluate the accuracy of modelled overlap of Alewife and Blueback Herring with Atlantic Herring (68–72% correct predictions) and Alewife and Blueback Herring with Atlantic Mackerel (57–69% correct predictions). Our findings indicate that environmental gradients influence the distributions and overlap of Alewife, Blueback Herring, Atlantic Herring, and Atlantic Mackerel, and with further testing and refinement these models could be developed into a tool to aid industry in reducing incidental catches of river herring.

Changing Natural Character

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariska Leunissen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Variations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Species Specific

Chapter 2 discusses the changeability of natural character under the influence of factors such as diet and environment and thereby offers an explanation for the individual differences of the more and the less within a species-specific character profile. That is, while ideally all humans are by nature courageous and intelligent, and while all humans are more courageous and intelligent than any other kind of animal, some humans are by nature more courageous or intelligent than others, while others are more cowardly and less intelligent, and these differences matter for the ease with which one can acquire virtue. After identifying the material-efficient causes that produce these natural variations in character, I discuss what this means for the moral development of certain “barbarians” and “slavish people” living in different climatic regions of the world, and I offer reasons against identifying all these latter groups as counting as “natural slaves” for Aristotle.

The Physiology of Natural Character

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariska Leunissen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Species Specific

Chapter 1 introduces Aristotle’s infamous ethnographical comment in the Politics, which claims that the natural character traits a given tribe of people has, and the kind of natural political organization these traits give rise to, correlate with the environment and the region in which they live. Only those men whose natures are “well mixed” are to be selected as future citizens of ideal cities, since they are the “most easily led to virtue.” Subsequent sections analyze Aristotle’s biological discussions of natural character and show how the species-specific character profile a species of (human) animals has depends on the particular material mixture of their blood, and that by “well mixed” Aristotle has in mind blood that is hot, pure, and moist and that therefore gives rise to natural courage and intelligence. The chapter also shows how the various organs in the human body contribute to this “best” type of blood.

Anomalous migrations of anadromous herrings revealed with natural chemical tracers

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin E Limburg
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
American Shad ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Chemical Tracers ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
Alosa Aestivalis ◽  
Spawning Run

Anadromous herrings of the genus Alosa are generally thought to leave their natal river or estuary at the end of the first growing season and return as mature adults to spawn. Nevertheless, immature yearling alosines have been observed in large numbers in the Hudson River estuary during and after the spring spawning run. I analyzed the stable isotopic ( delta 13C, delta 15N) compositions of 26 blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), eight American shad (Alosa sapidissima), and 10 alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) collected from 55-225 km above the estuary mouth during April-July and compared them with isotopic compositions of young-of-year (resident) alosines, as well as adults (marine phase). delta 13C of the May-caught American shad and alewife indicated a marine origin (greater than -22.5omicron); blueback herring split into both marine and freshwater ( delta 13C less than -25.5omicron) groups. June-caught fish had intermediate values. Microprobe traces of Sr in these fishes' otoliths helped further to discriminate between resident fishes and those that had migrated to sea (or brackish water) and then moved back upriver for a period of several weeks. The combination of biogeochemical tracer methods holds promise for elucidating complex life histories of fishes and helps to pose questions about plasticity of migration.

Effects of Heterogeneity in the Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Juvenile Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and Blueback Herring (A. aestivalis) Density on Estimation of an Index of Abondance

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1564-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Jessop ◽  
W. E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Blueback Herring ◽  
Sampling Scale ◽  
Density Pattern

Significant heterogeneity occurred in the spatial and temporal pattern of the nocturnal, near-surface (0 to 1.5 m depth) density of juvenile anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (A. aestivalis) in the Mactaquac Dam headpond, Saint John River, New Brunswick. Juvenile alewife were less available to a pushnet than were blueback herring. Patches of higher density persisted for up to 4 wk for both species. Estimates of patch size depended upon the sampling scale, with larger patches (16 to 58 km long) composed of smaller patches (0.5 to 2.2 km long). The index of aggregation of Taylor's power law was similar for both species pooled value 2.20) Lloyd's index of patchiness varied significantly, for both species, spatially but not temporally, and tended to be higher for blueback herring than for alewife. Density and patchiness differed for both species within and between an upriver, lotic zone and downriver, lentic zone. Mean densities were more precisely estimated at high than at low densities and for alewife than for blueback herring (n = 61). Stratification increased the precision, relative to simple random sampling, of estimates of mean density, particularly at high densities of the more patchily dispersed blueback herring. Autocorrelation occurred in the spatial density pattern of both species at coarse (1–100 km) and medium (0.1–4 km) sampling scales. Variations in the intensity and grain of patchiness may affect the choice of survey design, sample and sample unit size, and frequency of sampling required for a desired precision of density estimates.

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