Shifts In Aquatic Insect Populations In A First-Order Southern Appalachian Stream Following A Decade Of Old Field Succession

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Haefner ◽  
J. Bruce Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Old Field ◽  
First Order ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
One Year

Aquatic insects of two first-order southern Appalachian streams were sampled monthly during one year. Sawmill Branch Watershed was subjected to several disturbances before 1968, including clear-cutting. Since 1968 Sawmill Branch Watershed has undergone natural secondary succession from terrestrial vegetation dominated by Gramineae to a herbaceous/coppice hardwood dominated by black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia. Grady Branch, the control stream, drains an undisturbed hardwood watershed. Aquatic insect densities on Sawmill Branch were about twice those of Grady Branch, which represent a dramatic reversal from results obtained by a similar study in 1968. It is suggested that change in riparian vegetation is a major factor influencing long-term changes in aquatic insect populations, and these changes are manifested through a shift toward an allochthonous energy base. The most conspicuous changes in macrobenthos on the disturbed watershed between 1968 and 1978 were a reduction in grazer organisms and a corresponding increase in shredder organisms, especially Peltoperla (Plecoptera).Key words: macrobenthos, secondary succession, watershed changes, clear-cutting, allochthonous detritus, food quality.

scholarly journals Impacts of Land-Use Changes on Vegetation and Ecosystem Functioning: Old-Field Secondary Succession

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 990
Author(s):  
Javier Pérez-Hernández ◽  
Rosario G. Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Old Field

The study of ecological succession to determine how plant communities re-assemble after a natural or anthropogenic disturbance has always been an important topic in ecology. The understanding of these processes forms part of the new theories of community assembly and species coexistence, and is attracting attention in a context of expanding human impacts. Specifically, new successional studies provide answers to different mechanisms of community assemblage, and aim to define the importance of deterministic or stochastic processes in the succession dynamic. Biotic limits, which depend directly on biodiversity (i.e., species competition), and abiotic filtering, which depends on the environment, become particularly important when they are exceeded, making the succession process more complicated to reach the previous disturbance stage. Plant functional traits (PFTs) are used in secondary succession studies to establish differences between abandonment stages or to compare types of vegetation or flora, and are more closely related to the functioning of plant communities. Dispersal limitation is a PFT considered an important process from a stochastic point of view because it is related to the establishing of plants. Related to it the soil seed bank plays an important role in secondary succession because it is essential for ecosystem functioning. Soil compounds and microbial community are important variables to take into account when studying any succession stage. Chronosequence is the best way to study the whole process at different time scales. Finally, our objective in this review is to show how past studies and new insights are being incorporated into the basis of classic succession. To further explore this subject we have chosen old-field recovery as an example of how a number of different plant communities, including annual and perennial grasslands and shrublands, play an important role in secondary succession.

scholarly journals Responses of boreal ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) to different logging regimes during ten years of secondary succession

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Koivula
Keyword(s):  
Term Effect ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Open Habitat ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control ◽  
Total Species

Many biological responses may develop over long periods of time, and annual community variation should therefore be controlled in ecological research. We sampled carabid beetles over ten years in Norway spruce dominated forests in Southern Finland, harvested using replicated logging treatments of different intensities. We collected carabids in 1995 (prior to logging) and during four post-harvest seasons, 1996-98 and in 2006. The treatments were clear-cutting (no retained trees), modified clear-cutting (retention of three groups of 20-30 trees within one-hectare core) and gap cutting (three 0.16-ha openings within a one-hectare core), and control (mature unharvested forest). Carabids showed remarkable annual and regional variation at assemblage, ecological-group and species levels, such that was independent of treatments. The total species richness, and that of open-habitat carabids, were higher in cleared sites of all treatments than in control stands in 1997-1998 but not in 2006, suggesting that the logging response was ephemeral by many species. The abundances of forest and generalist carabids were little affected by logging. Open-habitat carabids were more abundant in clear-cuts and modified clear-cuts than in gap cuts, which was still detectable in 2006, suggesting a long-term effect. Open-habitat carabids were less abundant in retention sites of modified clear-cuts and gap cuts than in cleared sites, suggesting that retention attenuates assemblage change. Carabid assemblages of logged stands did not differ from control stands in 1996 but they did in 1997-1998, suggesting a one-year delay in logging response. Carabids showed remarkable annual and regional variation at assemblage, ecological-group and species levels, such that was independent of treatments. The total species richness, and that of open-habitat carabids, were higher in cleared sites of all treatments than in control stands in 1997-1998 but not in 2006, suggesting that the logging response was ephemeral by many species. The abundances of forest and generalist carabids were little affected by logging. Open-habitat carabids were more abundant in clear-cuts and modified clear-cuts than in gap cuts, which was still detectable in 2006, suggesting a long-term effect. Open-habitat carabids were less abundant in retention sites of modified clear-cuts and gap cuts than in cleared sites, suggesting that retention attenuates assemblage change. Carabid assemblages of logged stands did not differ from control stands in 1996 but they did in 1997-1998, suggesting a one-year delay in logging response. In 2006, logged and control stands hosted relatively similar assemblages which, together with the above results, suggests a partial faunal recovery. We conclude that even modest retention provides long-term support for forest carabids, but also that their full assemblage recovery takes longer than 10 years.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS DAN KELIMPAHAN POPULASI SERANGGA AIR SEBAGAI INDIKATOR BIOLOGIS CEMARAN AIR PADA DAS DI LANGOWAN

EUGENIA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redsway T.D. Maramis ◽  
Henny V.G. Makal
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Biotic Index ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Insect Resistant

ABSTRACT   Aquatic insects are one of the organisms that are used in determining water contamination. Aquatic insects are sensitive to the presence of waste dumped in the river and some are resistant to such waste. One of insect resistant waste is Chironomidae. The research objective was to determine aquatic insect species, population abundance by calculating indices diversity and biotic index. Aquatic insects in the lake watershed Tondano were collected by kicks and Hand Picking. Result showed that seven orders, theerteen families and sixteen species had been identified. The number of highest aquatic insect was found in Noogan which were 13 species, whereas in karondoran were 9 species. Aquatic insects were identified including, Heptagenia sp, sp Baetis sp, Caenis sp., Hydropsyhe, sp and Chrironomidae. The highest aquatic insect populations were collected in Karondoran followed by Winebetan and Noogan. The highest diversity index of aquatic insects was found in Winebetan whereas the lowest was in Karondoran. The lowest value of the biotic index was identified in the region Noogan suggested that water in Noogan area was clean water compared to Winebetan and Karondoran. Key word: Types and aquatic insect populations

scholarly journals Spatial Patterns in Different Stages of Regeneration after Clear-Cutting of a Black Locust Forest in Central China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1066
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Shen ◽  
Yang ◽  
Ma ◽  
Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
Central China ◽  
Variance Gamma ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Variance Gamma Process ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Estimating underlying mechanisms and dynamics from observed tree patterns can provide guidance for plantation management. Robinia pseudoacacia can reproduce via clonally produced ramets, leading to a complex distribution of stems. Three second generation plots and three third generation plots (each plot 50 m × 50 m) were established across a wide age range after clear-cutting in a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation in central China. We measured spatial coordinates, diameter at breast height (DBH) or diameter at basal stem, and heights of all recruits, as well as the coordinates and base diameter of all stumps, in six plots. The spatial pattern in different plots and the spatial relation between stumps and regenerations after clear-cutting were analyzed. To estimate the underlying processes of the observed patterns, we fitted Matérn and Variance-Gamma cluster processes to the observed dataset. The results revealed that the percentage of ramets from stumps decreasing with age in the two types of stands (from 40.4% to 30.1%, from 57.6% to 35.7%), and trees exhibited an aggregated distribution in all plots, but the degree of aggregation exhibited a decreasing trend with age, and aggregation occurred at different scale. Furthermore, a large proportion of ramets had their nearest neighbor at a short distance (<1 m) based on analysis of the nearest neighbour function. The bivariate analysis revealed that the spatial relation between stumps and ramets changed with age, and a repulsion trend was found between them in all the six plots. The Variance-Gamma process with covariate of Cartesian coordinates fitted the observed patterns better than others. The observed pattern was likely driven by root dispersal limitation, seed dispersal limitation, human disturbance, and intraspecific competition. Spatial patterns are important characteristics in forest stand structure, and understanding the pattern change and its underlying mechanisms could allow for better timing of artificial disturbances to optimize stand structure and promote stand growth.

Distribution and species diversity of trichomycete gut fungi in aquatic insect larvae in two Rocky Mountain streams

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Lichtwardt ◽  
Marvin C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Third Order ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Respective Host ◽  
Aquatic Insect Larvae

At least 20 species of Trichomycetes (Zygomycotina) were dissected from the hindguts and peritrophic membranes of larval Diptera (Simuliidae, Chironomidae), Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera in two high-altitude streams, and the trichomycete species diversity in the two streams was compared. Periodic sampling of larvae over a 6-week summer period showed that some gut fungi are widely distributed in their respective host types, whereas other fungal species are more localized. Insect populations had infestations that varied from low to as high as 100% of the insects dissected, depending on the fungal species. There was no general increase over time, from early to late season, in fungal species diversity or percentage of larval infestation, nor were larvae in second- and third-order sites of one stream generally more infested than in a first-order site in that stream.

scholarly journals Carbon Monitoring Satellite (CarbonSat): assessment of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> retrieval errors by error parameterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3477-3500 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
H. Bovensmann ◽  
D. Pillai ◽  
J. Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Measurement Precision ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
One Year

Abstract. Carbon Monitoring Satellite (CarbonSat) is one of two candidate missions for ESA's Earth Explorer 8 (EE8) satellite to be launched around the end of this decade. The overarching objective of the CarbonSat mission is to improve our understanding of natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The unique feature of CarbonSat is its "GHG imaging capability", which is achieved via a combination of high spatial resolution (2 km × 2 km) and good spatial coverage (wide swath and gap-free across- and along-track ground sampling). This capability enables global imaging of localized strong emission source, such as cities, power plants, methane seeps, landfills and volcanos, and likely enables better disentangling of natural and anthropogenic GHG sources and sinks. Source–sink information can be derived from the retrieved atmospheric column-averaged mole fractions of CO2 and CH4, i.e. XCO2 and XCH4, by inverse modelling. Using the most recent instrument and mission specification, an error analysis has been performed using the Bremen optimal EStimation DOAS (BESD/C) retrieval algorithm. We assess the retrieval performance for atmospheres containing aerosols and thin cirrus clouds, assuming that the retrieval forward model is able to describe adequately all relevant scattering properties of the atmosphere. To compute the errors for each single CarbonSat observation in a one-year period, we have developed an error parameterization scheme comprising six relevant input parameters: solar zenith angle, surface albedo in two bands, aerosol and cirrus optical depth, and cirrus altitude variations. Other errors, e.g. errors resulting from aerosol type variations, are partially quantified but not yet accounted for in the error parameterization. Using this approach, we have generated and analysed one year of simulated CarbonSat observations. Using this data set we estimate that systematic errors are for the overwhelming majority of cases (≈ 85%) below 0.3 ppm for XCO2 (below 0.5 ppm for 99.5%) and below 2 ppb for XCH4 (below 4 ppb for 99.3%). We also show that the single-measurement precision is typically around 1.2 ppm for XCO2 and 7 ppb for XCH4 (1σ). The number of quality-filtered observations over cloud- and ice-free land surfaces is in the range of 33 to 47 million per month depending on season. Recently it has been shown that terrestrial vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence (VCF) emission needs to be considered for accurate XCO2 retrieval. We therefore retrieve VCF from clear Fraunhofer lines located around 755 nm and show that CarbonSat will provide valuable information on VCF. We estimate that the VCF single-measurement precision is approximately 0.3 mW m−2 nm−1 sr−1 (1σ).

Ecological Segregation Between Longnose and Blacknose Dace (Genus Rhinichthys) in the Mink River, Manitoba

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1245-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. H. Gibbons ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Ecological Segregation ◽  
Blacknose Dace ◽  
One Year ◽  
Aquatic Insect Larvae

Longnose and blacknose dace occur in greatest abundance in the middle zone of the Mink River, and segregation in environment occupied is marked. Newly emerged longnose fry were found in stream margins, but by the middle of their first summer had moved into fast riffles (>45 cm/sec) where they completed their life cycle. Blacknose fry also occupied stream margins, remaining there for up to one year. Thereafter they were found mostly in channels of moderate current. Coexistence of fry of the two species in stream margins is minimized by earlier hatching of longnose dace. Diet of longnose and blacknose dace, consisting of aquatic insect larvae and nymphs, was strikingly similar.

scholarly journals The state of bio-ecological characteristics of the one-year shoots of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Under the conditions of industrial pollution

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-252
Author(s):  
Tetiana Yusypiva ◽  
Halyna Miasoid
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
The State ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Ecological Characteristics ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
The City

AbstractThe paper studies the influence of industrial pollution on bio-ecological characteristics of the one-year shoot of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the conditions of the city of Dnipro, Ukraine. It analyses the state of biometric parameters of the shoot and anatomic indices of the stem of the studied species exposed to toxic gases. It was found that there are adaptive changes in the histological structure of the stem of R. pseudoacacia under the conditions of technogenesis. The study revealed that bio-ecological characteristics of the black locust are highly resistant to industrial emissions with big shares of SO2 and NO2. It was suggested to use R. pseudoacacia for greening of the technogenic territories.

scholarly journals (107) Effects of Defoliants (CuEDTA and ZnSO4) and Foliar Urea on Defoliation and Nitrogen Reserves of Almond Nursery Plants

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050B-1050
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
One Year ◽  
Foliar Urea

One-year-old field-grown `Nonpareil'/'Nemaguard' and `Nonpareil'/`Lovell' almond nursery trees were used to study the effects of chemical defoliants (CuEDTA and ZnSO4) and foliar applications of urea on defoliation and nitrogen (N) reserves. Although both chemical defoliants significantly promoted earlier defoliation, CuEDTA was more effective than ZnSO4 in promoting early defoliation. Two applications of defoliant had a similar effect as one application on promoting leaf abscission. Foliar applications of urea in addition to defoliant applications (urea + defoliant treatments) generally increased the efficiency of ZnSO4 (1.25% to 2%) and CuEDTA (0.5%) in promoting early defoliation. Although treatments with only defoliants did not consistently lower N reserve levels, trees treated with foliar urea or urea + defoliants had significantly higher nitrogen reserves compared to trees receiving only defoliant treatments. N reserves were comparable in urea + defoliant-treated trees to the levels found in naturally defoliated (control) trees. We conclude that both CuEDTA and ZnSO4 are effective in promoting early defoliation of almond nursery trees. Combining urea with defoliants can effectively promote early defoliation and is important for achieving N reserves similar to naturally defoliated trees.

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