Modified Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Extraction for Chlorophyll Analysis of Phytoplankton

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Burnison
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acetone Extraction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton ◽  
Chlorophyll Analysis

This new extraction procedure eliminates the need for grinding glass fiber filters by heating the filter in DMSO (4 mL) for 10 min at 65 °C and subsequently filtering or centrifuging the sample after dilution with 90% acetone (6 mL). Scenedesmus and Selenastrum species gave about 20% higher concentrations of chlorophyll a using this method as compared to the standard 90% acetone procedure or grinding in DMSO only. The difference between heated DMSO and 90% acetone was reduced when natural phytoplankton were analyzed.Key words: chlorophyll, Chlorophyta, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, extraction

Comparison of N,N-Dimethylformamide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Acetone for Extraction of Phytoplankton Chlorophyll

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1519-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Speziale ◽  
Stephen P. Schreiner ◽  
Paul A. Giammatteo ◽  
James E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Incomplete Mixing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Absorbance Spectra ◽  
Algal Cultures

We evaluated the suitability of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) for extraction and measurement of chlorophyll in phytoplankton and compared the extraction efficiencies of DMF, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–acetone, and 90% acetone. Absorbance spectra and specific absorption coefficients of chlorophylls a, b, and c in DMF and 90% acetone are similar. Acidification of 100% DMF extracts of pure chlorophyll a and healthy algal cultures produced acid ratios approximating 1.7. Thus, equations derived from the extinction coefficients of chlorophylls in 90% acetone can be applied to DMF extracts. DMF and DMSO–acetone each extract chlorophyll from green and blue-green algae more effectively than does 90% acetone. DMF is a better extractant than is DMSO–acetone for chlorococcalean species, especially when pigment concentrations are high, but the difference, although significant, is slight. The three solvents are equally efficient in extracting chlorophyll from samples composed of chrysophytes and flagellated chlorophytes. The lack of grinding when using either DMF or DMSO–acetone is a considerable convenience. The potential for destabilized spectrophotometer readings and contamination of the investigator due to the incomplete mixing of DMSO and acetone is eliminated when pure DMF is used.

In Vivo Fluorescence of Chlorophyll A: Estimation of Phytoplankton Biomass and Activity in Římov Reservoir (Czech Republic)

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vyhnálek ◽  
Z. Fišar ◽  
A. Fišarová ◽  
J. Komárková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Phytoplankton Biomass ◽  
In Vivo Fluorescence ◽  
Fluorescence Of Chlorophyll A ◽  
Římov Reservoir ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

The in vivo fluorescence of chlorophyll a was measured in samples of natural phytoplankton taken from the Římov Reservoir (Czech Republic) during the years 1987 and 1988. The fluorescence intensities of samples either with or without addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron, DCMU) were found reliable for calculating the concentration of chlorophyll a during periods when cyanobacteria were not abundant. The correction for background non-chlorophyll fluorescence appeared to be essential. No distinct correlation between a DCMU-induced increase of the fluorescence and primary production of phytoplankton was found.

scholarly journals The Mechanical Properties and Damage Evolution of UHPC Reinforced with Glass Fibers and High-Performance Polypropylene Fibers

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2455
Author(s):  
Jiayuan He ◽  
Weizhen Chen ◽  
Boshan Zhang ◽  
Jiangjiang Yu ◽  
Hang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Damage Evolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Ultra High Performance Concrete ◽  
Concrete Damaged Plasticity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Values

Due to the sharp and corrosion-prone features of steel fibers, there is a demand for ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) reinforced with nonmetallic fibers. In this paper, glass fiber (GF) and the high-performance polypropylene (HPP) fiber were selected to prepare UHPC, and the effects of different fibers on the compressive, tensile and bending properties of UHPC were investigated, experimentally and numerically. Then, the damage evolution of UHPC was further studied numerically, adopting the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model. The difference between the simulation values and experimental values was within 5.0%, verifying the reliability of the numerical model. The results indicate that 2.0% fiber content in UHPC provides better mechanical properties. In addition, the glass fiber was more significant in strengthening the effect. Compared with HPP-UHPC, the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of GF-UHPC increased by about 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. However, the flexural toughness indexes I5, I10 and I20 of HPP-UHPC were about 1.2, 2.0 and 3.8 times those of GF-UHPC, respectively, showing that the toughening effect of the HPP fiber is better.

scholarly journals Fertilization of Algal Resources By an Exotic Snail May Facilitate Invasion

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Leslie Riley ◽  
Mark Dybdahl ◽  
Robert Hall
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Difference

We studied positive and negative effects of snail consumers on their resource to determine if positive consumer effects may be facilitating invasion. Consumer- resource interactions often focus on losses to the resource, even though the resource might benefit if consumers recycle nutrients. The New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, an exotic in western U.S. rivers, attains high densities and dominates macroinvertebrate communities. In one well-studied river, it consumes the majority of primary productivity, cycles most nitrogen and can grow faster at higher densities. In field experiments, we tested the hypothesis that this invasive grazer stimulates algal growth via nitrogen excretion, which might explain its self-facilitation and invasiveness. Using in-stream cages subdivided into "with snails" and "without snails" sections, we examined the response of periphytic algae to snail grazing and excretion and snail excretion alone at various levels of snail biomass. We found that chlorophyll a and GPP (gross primary production) decreased as the biomass of snails increased in the grazed sections. Snail excretion, in the absence of grazing, increased both chlorophyll a and GPP, demonstrating a positive effect of snails on the resource, consistent with the nutrient recycling and enrichment hypothesis. We found no evidence for increased algal growth at intermediate snail densities in grazed treatments, as predicted by the Herbivore Optimization Curve hypothesis. However, the difference in chlorophyll a between "with snails" and "without snails" treatments increased as snail biomass increased. This suggests that snail compensation of the resource, through excretion, decreases at extremely high levels of grazing pressure and the net effect of snail grazing becomes negative. Together, these results suggest that invasiveness in some rivers may be fostered by this self-facilitation and recycling of essential nutrients.

scholarly journals Sequential Extraction Resulted in Similar Fractionation of Ionic Zn, Nano- and Microparticles of ZnO in Acidic and Alkaline Soil

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Martin Šebesta ◽  
Martin Urík ◽  
Marek Kolenčík ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
Peter Matúš
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Sequential Extraction Procedure ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Bcr Sequential Extraction ◽  
The Difference

The evaluation of nanoparticle bioavailability or the bioavailability of dissolved elements by direct measurement through plant uptake is a strenuous process. Several multi-step sequential extraction procedures, including the BCR sequential extraction procedure, have been created to provide potential accessibility of elements, where real soil-plant transfer can be problematic to implement. However, these have limitations of their own based on the used extractants. For the purposes of our research, we enriched two soils: an untilted forest soil with naturally acidic pH and a tilted agricultural soil with alkaline pH by three Zn forms—ionic Zn in the form of ZnSO4, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NP) and larger particles of ZnO (ZnO B)—by batch sorption. We then extracted the retained Zn in the soils by BCR sequential extraction procedure to extract three fractions: ion exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable. The results were compared among the soils and a comparison between the different forms was made. Regardless of the difference in soil pH and other soil properties, ZnO NP, ZnO B, and ionic Zn showed little to no difference in the relative distribution between the observed soil fractions in both forest soil and agricultural soil. Since ionic Zn is more available for plant uptake, BCR sequential extraction procedure may overestimate the easily available Zn when amendment with ionic Zn is compared to particulate Zn. The absence of a first extraction step with mild extractant, such as deionized water, oversimplifies the processes the particulate Zn undergoes in soils.

scholarly journals Genotypic dependent effect of exogenous glutathione on Cd-induced changes in cadmium and mineral uptake and accumulation in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa)

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Cai ◽  
L. Lin ◽  
W. Cheng ◽  
G. Zhang ◽  
F. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Hydroponic Experiment ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Mn Concentrations

A hydroponic experiment was performed using Cd-sensitive (cv. Xiushui63) and tolerant (cv. Bing97252) rice cultivars to evaluate the difference in their response to Cd toxicity in the presence of exogenous glutathione (GSH). The results showed that Cd stress (5 and 50 μmol/l Cd) decreased plant fresh weight, contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, with Cd-sensitive genotype being more severely affected. Cd significantly decreased concentration and accumulation of Mn in roots/shoots, and Zn in shoots, but increased Cu concentration in roots/shoots. There was a significantly negative correlation between shoot Zn concentrations and shoot/root Cd concentrations, and between root Cd and Mn concentrations. Exogenous GSH significantly alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and markedly reduced Cd uptake in both genotypes. In addition, GSH induced a Cd-dose- and genotype-dependent effects on Cd-induced changes in mineral concentration/accumulation and chlorophyll content in rice seedlings. GSH alleviated Cd-induced decrease in root/shoot Zn and Ca concentrations and accumulation of Xiushui 63, while increased root Ca and Mn concentrations in Bing 97252 under 5 µmol/l Cd stress. In addition, GSH also significantly enhanced chlorophyll a and b contents of Bing 97252 in both 5 and 50 µmol/l Cd, and Xiushui 63 in 50 µmol Cd.

Comparison of Chlorophyll a Extractions with Ethanol and Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Acetone, and a Concern about Spectrophotometric Phaeopigment Correction

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2331-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Webb ◽  
B. K. Burnison ◽  
A. M. Trimbee ◽  
E. E. Prepas
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Hplc Analyses

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) in water samples from three mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes in north-central Alberta was extracted with one of three solvents (95% ethanol, 90% ethanol, or a 2:3 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and 90% acetone (DMSO/acetone)) and analyzed by two techniques (spectrophotometry and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dominant phytoplankton were blue-green algae and diatoms. Total Chl a concentrations (i.e. no correction for phaeopigments (Pha)) were not significantly different among solvents (P > 0.5). Total Chl a concentrations from spectrophotometric analyses were significantly higher than those from HPLC analyses (4.2 ± 0.88 and 2.6 ± 0.50 μg∙L−1 respectively, P < 0.05). Pha concentrations derived by spectrophotometry were 64 times higher than those derived by HPLC (1.7 ± 0.52 and 0.025 ± 0.01 μg∙L−1 respectively, P < 0.005). Thus, spectrophotometry appears to dramatically overestimate Pha concentrations and may overestimate total Chl a (i.e. no correction for Pha). Therefore, ethanol and DMSO/acetone are equally suitable for Chl a extraction from natural populations dominated by blue-green algae and/or diatoms, but if information on Pha and/or accessory pigments is required, HPLC analyses are the appropriate route rather than spectrophotometry.

scholarly journals On the chlorophyll a retention properties of glass-fiber GF/F filters

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco P. Chavez ◽  
Kurt R. Buck ◽  
Robert R. Bidigare ◽  
David M. Karl ◽  
Dale Hebel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Chlorophyll A
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