Estimating Chlorophyll Extraction Biases

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Stauffer ◽  
G. F. Lee ◽  
David E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Chlorophyll Extraction ◽  
Molar Extinction Coefficients

A simplified chlorophyll analytical procedure is described that requires 4 min/sample and features an overall precision (measured by the coefficient of variation, C.V.) of ~ 3% at the 15 mg/m3 chlorophyll a level. The C.V. varies inversely with concentration for spectrophotometric determinations. The molar extinction coefficients (665 nm) for chlorophyll a were estimated to be 2.5–6.0% greater in acetone (90%) compared to methanol (100%) and 2.5% greater in a 1:1 mixture (v/v) of methanol-dimethyl formamide compared to methanol. Acetone (90%) extractions of naturally occurring mixtures of the common bloom-forming blue-green algae Microcystis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaena yielded erratic recoveries of chlorophyll a. The lowest recovery (34%) occurred with an Oscillatoria population. On the one occasion when a four-way solvent extraction comparison was performed, acetone (90%) failed to extract 29 ± 2% of the chlorophyll a in a mixture of Anabaena, Microcystis, and Aphanizomenon, whereas the other three solvent preparations yielded identical (complete) extractions. Methanol or acetone-dimethyl sulfoxide are recommended for chlorophyll extraction from blue-green algae, while acetone-dimethyl sulfoxide is recommended for diatoms or Chlorophyta populations. Key words: chlorophyll, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, chlorophyll analysis, methanol, acetone, methanol-dimethyl formamide, acetone-dimethyl sulfoxide

Comparison of Chlorophyll a Extractions with Ethanol and Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Acetone, and a Concern about Spectrophotometric Phaeopigment Correction

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 2331-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Webb ◽  
B. K. Burnison ◽  
A. M. Trimbee ◽  
E. E. Prepas
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Hplc Analyses

Chlorophyll a (Chl a) in water samples from three mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes in north-central Alberta was extracted with one of three solvents (95% ethanol, 90% ethanol, or a 2:3 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and 90% acetone (DMSO/acetone)) and analyzed by two techniques (spectrophotometry and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dominant phytoplankton were blue-green algae and diatoms. Total Chl a concentrations (i.e. no correction for phaeopigments (Pha)) were not significantly different among solvents (P > 0.5). Total Chl a concentrations from spectrophotometric analyses were significantly higher than those from HPLC analyses (4.2 ± 0.88 and 2.6 ± 0.50 μg∙L−1 respectively, P < 0.05). Pha concentrations derived by spectrophotometry were 64 times higher than those derived by HPLC (1.7 ± 0.52 and 0.025 ± 0.01 μg∙L−1 respectively, P < 0.005). Thus, spectrophotometry appears to dramatically overestimate Pha concentrations and may overestimate total Chl a (i.e. no correction for Pha). Therefore, ethanol and DMSO/acetone are equally suitable for Chl a extraction from natural populations dominated by blue-green algae and/or diatoms, but if information on Pha and/or accessory pigments is required, HPLC analyses are the appropriate route rather than spectrophotometry.

Comparison of N,N-Dimethylformamide, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Acetone for Extraction of Phytoplankton Chlorophyll

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1519-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Speziale ◽  
Stephen P. Schreiner ◽  
Paul A. Giammatteo ◽  
James E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Incomplete Mixing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Absorbance Spectra ◽  
Algal Cultures

We evaluated the suitability of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) for extraction and measurement of chlorophyll in phytoplankton and compared the extraction efficiencies of DMF, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–acetone, and 90% acetone. Absorbance spectra and specific absorption coefficients of chlorophylls a, b, and c in DMF and 90% acetone are similar. Acidification of 100% DMF extracts of pure chlorophyll a and healthy algal cultures produced acid ratios approximating 1.7. Thus, equations derived from the extinction coefficients of chlorophylls in 90% acetone can be applied to DMF extracts. DMF and DMSO–acetone each extract chlorophyll from green and blue-green algae more effectively than does 90% acetone. DMF is a better extractant than is DMSO–acetone for chlorococcalean species, especially when pigment concentrations are high, but the difference, although significant, is slight. The three solvents are equally efficient in extracting chlorophyll from samples composed of chrysophytes and flagellated chlorophytes. The lack of grinding when using either DMF or DMSO–acetone is a considerable convenience. The potential for destabilized spectrophotometer readings and contamination of the investigator due to the incomplete mixing of DMSO and acetone is eliminated when pure DMF is used.

scholarly journals Research of pigments of blue-green algae spirulina platensis for practical use in confectionery technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
T. K. Kalenik ◽  
E. V. Dobrynina ◽  
V. M. Ostapenko ◽  
Y. Torii ◽  
J. Hiromi
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Blue Pigment ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Synthetic Origin

The article presents a study of the process of isolation of natural blue pigment – phycocyanin from the biomass of blue-green algae Spirulina platensis by water extraction, followed using its water solution as a natural food colorant in the production of milk chocolate. Recently, modern food enterprises are pursuing their policy towards expanding the range of products, which is closely related to the increasing needs of the population in food of a new kind. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of food additives of both natural and synthetic origin. Among the similar components widespread found dyes synthetic origin, which have high coverage rates and relatively low cost. However, many of the permitted in our country synthetic food dyes are banned in several developed countries as potentially dangerous to health. Synthetic dyes of red, yellow and green color have many natural analogues – carotenoids, lutein, chlorophyll, etc., except for the blue dye, the analogue of which is only anthocyanins, which are unstable depending on the pH conditions. In this article were identified phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll a in a water extract of spirulina. The mass concentration of phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll a was determined by spectrophotometric method before and after the addition of ammonium sulfate. A comparative analysis of the effect of fractionation (salting out) on the degree of purification of the phycocyanin solution. Presented and described the technological scheme of extraction of phycocyanin which allows to use it in food technologies as an extract or a dry powder. Established the concentration of phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae spirulina to produce milk blue chocolate. Determined organoleptic and hygienic characteristics of the finished product

Phototoxic effects of pyropheophorbide-a from chlorophyll-a on cervical cancer cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Chaturvedi ◽  
Yong-Wan Kim ◽  
Sang Soo Kim ◽  
Woong Shick Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Palliative Treatment ◽  
Caski Cell ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Caski Cell Line ◽  
Cervical Cancer Cells ◽  
Pyropheophorbide A

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality in both the curative and palliative treatment against a variety of experimental and naturally occurring human cancers. At present, chlorophyll a derivatives are extensively used for the synthesis of photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT of tumors. In the present study, chlorophyll-a was extracted from the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis by refluxing with acetone. The extract was further acid treated to obtain methylpheophorbide-a (MPa), which was then refluxed in collidine and methylpyropheophorbide-a (Mppa) was obtained. After that, Mppa was converted to pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) by treatment with 50% sulfuric acid. Finally, phototoxicity and dark toxicity of purified Ppa in two different cell lines, TC-1 and CaSki, were examined by MTT assay. The results suggest that Ppa is more toxic to TC-1 cell line than CaSki cell line. In vivo, the photosensitizing efficiency of Ppa was also higher than those of unloaded PS. These results indicate the potential of Ppa in PDT.

scholarly journals Economically Potential Pigments from Marine Blue-Green Algae for the Application in Food and Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Katarina Purnomo Salim ◽  
Rosita Dwi Chandra ◽  
Heriyanto Heriyanto ◽  
Dwi Susilaningsih ◽  
Leenawaty Limantara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Marine Cyanobacteria ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Β Carotene

Current efforts to explore the potency of marine resources have been made to promote economic development in Indonesia, especially in the industrial sector. Marine cyanobacteria such as Arthospira sp. and Scytonema sp. are two potential candidates of the blue-green algae that can be used in the application for food and health industries. This study focused on the identification of the composition of the dominant chlorophylls and carotenoids. The results showed the presence of Zeaxanthin, Chlorophyll a, and β-carotene. The economic potency of those dominant pigments will be reviewed in this article.

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