Aqueous Leachate from Western Red Cedar: Effects on Some Aquatic Organisms

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2703-2709 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Peters ◽  
H. J. Dawson ◽  
B. F. Hrutfiord ◽  
R. R. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Aqueous Leachate

Water-soluble extractives from western red cedar heartwood, bark, and foliage were investigated for their toxicity to aquatic organisms. The heartwood lignans and bark extractives were found to be moderately toxic, but the foliage terpenes and heartwood tropolones were more toxic, causing 50% mortality to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry at 0.33 and 2.7 mg/liter, respectively. Tropolones were significantly less toxic to invertebrates than to free-swimming stages of the fish tested. Fry were found to be the stage of development of coho salmon (O. kisutch) most sensitive to the tropolones, and eyed eggs the least sensitive. Sensitivity of the coho fry to tropolones was moderated by previous sublethal exposure or the presence of a chelatable cation. Results from field studies and a leaching study indicate that directly releasing cedar leachate from landfills or allowing logging debris to enter streams should be avoided.

Lignans of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn). IX. Plicatinaphthalene

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (23) ◽  
pp. 4495-4498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold MacLean ◽  
B. F. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Methylenedioxy Group ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Naphthoic Acid ◽  
Trimethyl Ether ◽  
Acid Lactone ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The last of nine lignans detectable by thin-layer chromatography in the hot-water soluble extractives of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) heartwood has been determined as 6-hydroxy-2(hydroxy-methyl)-7-methoxy-4-(3′,4′-dihydroxy-5′-methoxyphenyl)-3-naphthoic acid lactone (plicatinaphthalene 2) by spectrometric methods, by degradation studies of derivatives, and by preparation of its trimethyl ether derivative 3 from dehydroanhydropicropodophyllin by opening of the methylenedioxy group with boron trichloride.

Male Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Exposed to a Time-Course of Urban Sewage Effluent Exhibit a Sporadic Low Incidence of Sex Reversal and Intersex

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M. Campbell ◽  
Marc P. Fernandez ◽  
Stephanie Royston ◽  
Jack L. Smith ◽  
Paul van Poppelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Developing coho salmon alevin (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were exposed to concentrations of 1 to 10% municipal wastewater effluent (MWWE) during the labile period of sexual differentiation. MWWE was collected at regular time intervals from a municipal wastewater treatment plant during a 4-week period that coincided with the latter part of the spawning season of coho salmon. The salmon were exposed, from just prior to hatch until 28 d post hatch, to MWWE collected at 3 a.m., 8 a.m., 3 p.m. or 8 p.m. Subsequent gonadal development was assessed by histology and compared to genetic sex as determined by Y-chromosomal DNA markers. The MWWE (analyzed using GC-HRMS) had relatively high concentrations of steroidal estrogens and other endocrine active substances at some time points during the exposure period. A low incidence of intersex and sex reversal was noted in the coho salmon exposed to MWWE collected at only two time points; 3 a.m. (1% MWWE) and 8 p.m. (10% MWWE), and ≤19% of the male fish in these exposure groups were affected. The coho salmon utilized were of wild genetic backgrounds and thus the sporadic nature of the response observed may be due to a significant genetic influence on the ability to respond to exogenous hormones at this early stage of development.

FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEM FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS TO SEAWATER-SOLUBLE HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE OIL: CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Roubal ◽  
Donald H. Bovee ◽  
Tracy K. Collier ◽  
Susan I. Stranahan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Methyl Naphthalene

ABSTRACT Flow-through systems circumvent problems associated with static systems for exposing aquatic organisms to water-soluble hydrocarbons by providing an uninterrupted supply of water-soluble fraction with minimal compositional variations. Moreover, there is little accumulation of deleterious excretory products. Yet the design of a flow-through system for crude petroleum poses practical problems. All exposed surfaces of equipment become coated with thick oily residues, which, if ignored, result in changes in water flow rates and in levels of soluble hydrocarbons. To circumvent such problems, a modular system was built which can be adjusted to compensate for oil accumulation. Analysis of the water-soluble fraction prepared from Prudhoe Bay crude oil showed it to contain primarily low molecular weight aromatic compounds as follows (average concentration, ppm): benzene, 0.26; toluene, 2.45; total xylenes, 1.73; C3- and C4-substituted benzenes, 0.26; naphthalene, 0.01; 1-methyl naphthalene, 0.02; 2-methyl naphthalene, 0.02; C2-substituted naphthalenes, 0.05; and C3-substituted naphthalenes, 0.03. Hydrocarbon analysis of muscle tissue from coho salmon exposed to a water-soluble fraction for 5 weeks is presented.

Effect of egg size on incubation time and alevin and fry size in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Beacham ◽  
F. C. Withler ◽  
R. B. Morley
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Variability in hatching time, time of exogenous yolk absorption ("button up") of alevins, alevin size, and fry size was investigated with respect to initial egg size for chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). There was no significant difference with respect to egg size in hatching time of the alevins (stage between hatching and emergence from the redd) or time of exogenous yolk absorption for either species. For both species, alevins hatching from large eggs were longer and had greater amounts of yolk than those hatching from small eggs. Tissue weights of the alevins were not different. The differences in size between these two groups of alevins were maintained throughout the alevin stage and were greater at exogenous yolk absorption than at hatching. Fry (newly emerged, free-swimming young) derived from large eggs had greater tissue weight at exogenous yolk absorption than those derived from small eggs.

The effect of self-, cross-, and no pollination on ovule, embryo, seed, and cone development in western red cedar (Thujaplicata)

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Anna M. Colangeli ◽  
Sheila J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Ovule Development ◽  
Embryo Abortion ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Stage ◽  
Western Red Cedar

The effects of self-, cross-, and no pollination on cone size, filled seed, pollination efficiency, ovule development, and seed efficiency were tested on rooted ramets of six western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn) clones. To fully develop, ovules must be pollinated with viable pollen and cones must have a minimum of one developing seed. The seed potential was constant among clones and not affected by pollination. The greatest loss of potential seed resulted from a failure of ovules to be pollinated, followed closely by the low percent viability of pollen. Unpollinated ovules aborted at the megaspore or free-nuclear stages. Pollinated ovules may abort at any stage of development, but it was most common during the long free nuclear stage. Selfing had a limited effect on postzygotic loss owing to embryo abortion or on seed set. Western red cedar is well adapted for a high degree of selfing. Clonal differences occurred in seed efficiency and stages at wich seed losses were most commun. Seed set in western red cedar may be increased if cones on female parents having a history of high seed efficiency are pollinated several times within a 1 week peak pollination period with abundant pollen of known high percent viability. Potential seed losses are discussed with reference to pollination and ovule development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document