Forms of Phosphorus in the Surficial Sediments of Lake Erie

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. H. Williams ◽  
J-M. Jaquet ◽  
R. L. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Reactive Iron ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Nearshore Sediments ◽  
Iron And Manganese

The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite was of natural, detrital origin. It existed as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and was concentrated in nearshore sediments. Both NAIP and organic phosphorus was concentrated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP was associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone but was present as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O) and possibly other forms also in the reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment was closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association.

Rates of Accumulation of Phosphorus Forms in Lake Erie Sediments

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. H. Williams ◽  
T. P. Murphy ◽  
T. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Sedimentation Rates ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Phosphorus Forms ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
Total Sedimentation

Six Lake Erie sediment cores from locations of widely different sedimentation rates show that rate of input and sedimentation of apatite phosphorus at a given locality has been approximately constant during the last few hundred years relative to total sedimentation rate at the same locality. Apatite is not a significant source of soluble phosphorus for Lake Erie. By contrast, rate of sedimentation of nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) and organic phosphorus has steadily increased in accordance with increased loadings in recent years of the source material, namely phosphorus of anthropogenic origin. The rate of sedimentation of these two forms of phosphorus at a given locality varied greatly within the lake, and was greatest where the most fine-grained sediments were accumulating. It was concluded that the sediments of Lake Erie contain sufficient orthophosphate-retaining sites to prevent major regeneration of phosphate under any conceivable condition provided the overlying water remains oxic.

scholarly journals Fractions of inorganic phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Fraction ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mineral Soils

Inorganic phosphorus in 363 samples of Finnish mineral soils was fractionated by the procedure of CHANG and JACKSON. The average content of total inorganic phosphorus determined as the difference of the total phosphorus and organic phosphorus tended to increase from sand to clay soils. The sand and fine sand soils appeared to be richer in fluoride-soluble phosphorus but poorer in acid-soluble phosphorus than the other groups of soils. The part of phosphorus extracted by alkali seemed to be almost independent on the soil texture. In about 60 per cent of the samples the acid-soluble phosphorus was the dominant inorganic phosphorus fraction, in spite of the often high acidity of the soil. This, in connection with the rather low content of reductant soluble phosphorus, was taken to indicate the relatively low degree of weathering in these soils. The higher contents of fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble phosphorus in the surface samples of the cultivated soils as compared with the corresponding kind of virgin soils or soils from the deeper layers may be mainly attributed to the application of phosphorus fertilizers and to a somewhat higher degree of weathering. The soil pH did not seem to play any important role among the factors related to the distribution of inorganic phosphorus into various fractions in the present material. This was particularly true in the cultivated surface soils. It is likely, that in our soils the variation in the contents of active iron and aluminium will to a higher degree than pH explain the variation in the fractions of alkali-soluble and fuoride-soluble phosphorus. The relatively high content of the latter fraction in the sand and fine sand soils as compared with the soils of the finer texture could be related to the higher ratio of ammonium oxalate soluble aluminium to iron in the former soils.

MINERALIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF LIME

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Halstead ◽  
J. M. Lapensee ◽  
K. C. Ivarson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Soil Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
Partial Sterilization ◽  
Positive Effect

In a laboratory experiment, liming resulted in an average decline of 3.6 per cent in the total organic phosphorus content of incubated surface samples of seven acid soils from eastern Canada. Increases of 2.6 and 5.1 per cent in 1N H2SO4- and 4N HCl-soluble inorganic phosphorus, respectively, and a decrease of 46.4 per cent in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus (pH 8.5) provided further evidence of mineralization of organic phosphorus following liming. There was some evidence, however, that the differences in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus following liming were due only in part to mineralization, since Ca(OH)2 added to a soil just prior to extraction with NaHCO3 had a repressive effect on the solubility of the organic phosphorus compounds.Some mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred when unlimed samples were incubated in the laboratory for 9 months.Marked increases in microbiological activity, as indicated by increased numbers of microorganisms, and increased CO2 and NO3-nitrogen production, were associated with lower values for extractable organic phosphorus following liming. Partial sterilization of samples with toluene lowered biological activity in the unlimed and limed samples. Toluene was found, however, to have a positive effect on release of phosphorus from organic form.

scholarly journals The characteristics of hydrocarbon generation, reserving performances of fine-grained rock, and preservation conditions of coal measure shale gas of an epicontinental sea basin: A case study of the Late Palaeozoic shale gas in the Huanghebei Area of Western Shandong

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Zengxue Li ◽  
Huaihong Wang ◽  
Dongdong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Coal Seam ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Western Shandong

In China, marine and land transitional fine-grained rocks (shale, mudstone, and so on) are widely distributed and are known to have large accumulated thicknesses. However, shale gas explorations of these types of rock have only recently been initiated, thus the research degree is very low. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to improve the research data regarding the gas accumulation theory of marine and continental transitional fine-grained rock, as well as investigate the shale gas generation potential in the Late Paleozoic fine-grained rock masses located in the Huanghebei Area of western Shandong Province. The hydrocarbon generation characteristics of the epicontinental sea coal measures were examined using sedimentology, petrography, geochemistry, oil and gas geology, tectonics, and combined experimental testing processes. The thick fine-grained rocks were found to have been deposited in the sedimentary environments of the tidal flats, barriers, lagoons, deltas, and rivers during the Late Paleozoic in the study area. The most typical fine-grained rocks were located between the No. 5 coal seam of the Shanxi Formation and the No. 10 coal seam of the Taiyuan Formation, with an average thickness of 84.8 m. These formations were mainly distributed in the western section of the Huanghebei Area. The total organic carbon content level of the fine-grained rock was determined to be 2.09% on average, and the higher content levels were located in the western section of the Huanghebei Area. The main organic matter types of the fine-grained rock were observed to be kerogen II, followed by kerogen III. The vitrinite reflectance ( Ro) of the fine-grained rock was between 0.72 and 1.25%, which indicated that the gas generation of the dark fine-grained rock was within a favorable range, and the maturity of the rock was mainly in a medium stage in the northern section of the Huanghebei Area. It was determined that the average content of brittle minerals in the fine-grained rock was 55.7%. The dissolution pores and micro-cracks were the dominating pores in the fine-grained rock, followed by intergranular pores and intercrystalline pores. It was also found that both the porosity and permeability of the fine-grained rock were very low in the study area. The desorption gas content of the fine-grained rock was determined to be between 0.986 and 4.328 m3/t, with an average content of 2.66 m3/t. The geological structures were observed to be simple in the western section of the Huanghebei Area, and the occurrence impacts on the shale gas were minimal. However, the geological structures were found be complex in the eastern section of the study area, which was unfavorable for shale gas storage. The depths of the fine-grained rock were between 414.05 and 1290.55 m and were observed to become increasingly deeper from the southwestern section to the northern section. Generally speaking, there were found to be good reservoir forming conditions and great resource potential for marine and continental transitional shale gas in the study area.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of biogenic elements and organic carbon content in the tributaries of Lake Baikal

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 05012
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Sharapova ◽  
Ludmila Efimova ◽  
Irina Denisova ◽  
Aida Ermekova ◽  
Mikhail Lychagin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Mineral Phosphorus ◽  
Erosion Processes

The article considers the features of biogenic elements and organic carbon (Corg) content spatial variability in the Lake Baikal tributaries. The role of hydrological conditions and landscape-geochemical features in the chemical elements flow formation is shown. It was found that organic carbon in the river waters is represented mainly by its dissolved form. In the lower reaches of the Selenga, erosion processes and economic activity in the catchment area increase the proportion of suspended forms of organic carbon and mineral phosphorus. In the river delta under the influence of the sedimentation and the intake of organic matter formed during aquatic vegetation decomposition, the content of dissolved Corg increases with a contemporary decrease in its suspended form. As a result of intensification of production and destruction processes in well-heated areas of the delta, a significant decrease in the concentrations of mineral phosphorus and an increase in organic phosphorus occur.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Distribution of Organic Phosphorus Fractions in the Surface Sediments of the Inflow Rivers around Hongze Lake, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wan ◽  
Xuyin Yuan ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
Hongmeng Ye ◽  
Xiaofan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Risk Effects ◽  
Hongze Lake ◽  
Bioavailable Fraction ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the characteristics and distribution of the organic phosphorus (Po) fractions in the surface sediments of seven inflow rivers around Hongze Lake in China were analyzed with a soil Po fraction method, as used by Ivanoff. The relationships between the Po fractions and physiochemical features of sediments were also discussed. The results showed that, the sediments of the rivers had been moderately pollution with certain ecological risk effects except the Waste Yellow River. The relative contribution order of the Po fractions in the sediments was residual Po > HCl-Po > fulvic acid-Po > humic acid-Po > labile organic phosphorus (LOP). Moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP) was the main part of the Po forms in the whole sediments. The risk of phosphorus released from river sediments was the highest in the western region, followed by the southwestern region, and finally the northwestern region. There were significant correlations between Po forms and total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (Pi), and Po. Non labile organic phosphorus (NLOP) had the strongest correlation with TP. The distribution of Po forms in each region was different due to the impact of human activities, industrial and agricultural production and the land types; the heaver polluted sediments with higher Po fractions. It is suggested that most of the sediments of the inflow rivers in the regions have certain ecological risk effects and P of them have an important contributions on the eutrophication of Hongze Lake. Po forms can provide a reliable theoretical basis for dealing with the change of water quality and should be paid more attention in the lake eutrophication investigation. There was reciprocal transformation between different Po forms, especially non-bioavailable fraction can change into bio-available ones. The results can provide a basis for the earth cycle of phosphorus and a new perspective of eutrophication control of shallow lakes.

scholarly journals Universal relation with regime transition for sediment transport in fine-grained rivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Ma ◽  
Jeffrey A. Nittrouer ◽  
Baosheng Wu ◽  
Michael P. Lamb ◽  
Yuanfeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sediment Flux ◽  
Universal Relation ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Predictive Algorithm ◽  
Sediment Size

Fine-grained sediment (grain size under 2,000 μm) builds floodplains and deltas, and shapes the coastlines where much of humanity lives. However, a universal, physically based predictor of sediment flux for fine-grained rivers remains to be developed. Herein, a comprehensive sediment load database for fine-grained channels, ranging from small experimental flumes to megarivers, is used to find a predictive algorithm. Two distinct transport regimes emerge, separated by a discontinuous transition for median bed grain size within the very fine sand range (81 to 154 μm), whereby sediment flux decreases by up to 100-fold for coarser sand-bedded rivers compared to river with silt and very fine sand beds. Evidence suggests that the discontinuous change in sediment load originates from a transition of transport mode between mixed suspended bed load transport and suspension-dominated transport. Events that alter bed sediment size near the transition may significantly affect fluviocoastal morphology by drastically changing sediment flux, as shown by data from the Yellow River, China, which, over time, transitioned back and forth 3 times between states of high and low transport efficiency in response to anthropic activities.

scholarly journals Spatial and Seasonal Distribution and Transportation of Different Forms of Phosphorus in the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Cheng ◽  
Yanan Huang ◽  
Xunchi Pu ◽  
Ruidong An ◽  
Wendian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Yarlung Zangbo River

The Yarlung Zangbo River basin ecosystem is fragile. The distribution and transportation of phosphorus is of great significance for aquatic environmental protection and ecological security. The sequential extraction method and molybdenum antimony anti-spectrophotometry were used to measure the concentrations of different forms of phosphorus in the surface sediments from 15 sampling sites along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries. The results show that the total phosphorus concentration in the surface sediments is 194.0~540.7 mg/kg, which is mainly composed of inorganic phosphorus. The concentrations of various phosphorus forms ranked as calcium-bound phosphorus (355.6 ± 86.0 mg/kg) > soluble phosphorus (15.9 ± 10.0 mg/kg) > iron-bound phosphorus (12.4 ± 12.3 mg/kg) > organic phosphorus (9.6 ± 6.1 mg/kg) > occluded phosphorus (9.2 ± 3.8 mg/kg) > aluminum-bound phosphorus (5.4 ± 2.3 mg/kg). On the whole, phosphorus concentration is greater in wet season than dry season. Regarding the spatial distribution characteristics, there are great disparities in the different forms of phosphorus in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Comprehensive analysis shows that phosphorus of this area is mainly self-generated, and concentration of bioavailable phosphorus is small, demonstrating there will not be a large release. We also drew a “specific triangle” of the different forms of phosphorus concentrations in the research area and defined the “α” angle to determine the nutrient status of the overlying water quickly and effectively. Finally, phosphorus flux of the mainstream was estimated. This research may provide information on the phosphorus of Plateau Rivers.

An attempted fractionation of the soil phosphorus

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizers

1. Extractions of soils with sodium hydroxide, followed by an acid, have been used in an attempt to fractionate the soil phosphorus.2. Colorimetric methods for the estimation of the organic and inorganic phosphorus in alkali soil extracts have been suggested.3. The amount of soil phosphorus soluble in sodium hydroxide is affected by the active soil calcium. It is suggested that sodium-saturated soils be used when studying the alkali-soluble phosphorus.4. The acid-soluble phosphorus remaining in soil after extraction with sodium hydroxide was determined. This fraction appears by analogy to be similar to the apatites.5. The largest fraction of the total soil phosphorus was not dissolved by the sodium hydroxide and acid extractions. This fraction was not increased by the long-continued use of phosphatic fertilizers at Rothamsted and Woburn.6. Relatively large amounts of organic phosphorus were found in soils and the amounts were closely related to the carbon contents.

Inshore–Offshore Sedimentation Differences Resulting from Resuspension in the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bloesch
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Offshore Station

From June through October 1978 sediment traps were moored at three stations in an inshore–offshore transect in the Eastern Basin of Lake Erie. Settling fluxes measured with the traps exposed close to lake bottom were rather similar at all three stations during summer stratification, averaging 6.1 g∙m−2∙d−1 for dry weight, 293 mg∙m−2∙d−1 for particulate organic carbon (POC), 38 mg∙m−2∙d−1 for particulate nitrogen (PN), and 5.44 mg∙m−2∙d−1 for particulate phosphorus (PP). A comparison of the hypolimnetic traps with the epilimnetic traps at the offshore station indicated that considerable resuspension takes place even in summer. During fall, however, the nearshore sedimentation rates were markedly increased because of storm-induced bottom resuspension. By comparing the trap catches with sediment cores taken at all three stations, a resuspension model for dry weight, POC, and PN was developed. The calculations showed that newly formed organic material is resuspended and redeposited more frequently at nearshore locations than offshore. This repeated nearshore resuspension enhances decomposition of detritus, as shown by low relative phytoplankton activity in the hypolimnetic traps, and results in horizontal transport of fine-grained organic matter in the offshore direction. The significant POC and PN concentration differences found in the inshore–offshore transect of the bottom sediments can be explained by these two processes.Key words: sedimentation, sediment traps, sediment cores, resuspension, inshore–offshore differences

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