Behavior of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Exposed to Sumithion (Fenitrothion), an Organophosphate Insecticide

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1867-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Bull ◽  
John E. McInerney
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Insecticide Concentration ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Wild underyearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in a stream aquarium were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide Sumithion (0.10, 0.23, 0.48, and 0.75 ppm fenitrothion). After 2-h exposure at 0.48 and 0.75 ppm the pattern of behavior changes indicated physiological impairment. All behaviors involving locomotion, including some comfort behaviors, virtually ceased. Many fish, unable to maintain position, were swept downstream. Only coughing increased in frequency with insecticide concentration, providing an indicator of physiological stress. In the 0–0.23 ppm range social behaviors and feeding markedly decreased in frequency whereas comfort movements generally increased; feeding was depressed at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm. Of the various behaviors examined, feeding probably provides the best combination of a sensitive indicator of low level contamination by an organophosphate insecticide and a behavior with important ecological implications.

Physiological Response of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Handling and Crowding Stress in Intensive Fish Culture

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2699-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Crowding Stress ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Intensive Fish Culture

Moving 4–5-in. coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held in soft (20 ppm CaCO3) water from the relatively light loading density of 0.5 lb/ft3 to 1, 2, or 4 lb/ft3 (density index, DI = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8) caused significant stress as indicated by loss of feeding behavior, but only minimal physiological disturbances, as indicated by lack of hyperglycemia or hypochloremia. However, moving them to 6 or 12 lb/ft3 (DI = 1.2, 2.4) caused significant physiological stress which required at least a week for recovery. Smolting coho salmon were physiologically stressed by population densities of 1 lb/ft3 or more and a subclinical corynebacterial kidney infection was activated. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (4–5 in.) were physiologically stressed when moved and held at 1 lb/ft3 or more but retained normal feeding behavior. This indicates that handling and crowding stress will be minimized in softwater areas if densities in fish distribution trucks or in ponds or raceways during disease treatments are held to 0.1–0.5 lb/gal.

Effect of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on the Survival of Starved Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2528-2530
Author(s):  
D. A. Brown ◽  
D. J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Starved coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings were exposed to "sublethal" concentrations of neutralized bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME). Time to death was similar in the control group, in fish continuously exposed to BKME concentrations equivalent to 0.05–0.4 of the samples’ 96-h LC50 values, and in fish exposed to a treated (foam-stripped) portion of the samples at a volume equivalent to 0.7 LC50 for untreated effluent. Time to death decreased progressively in groups exposed to effluent concentrations higher than 0.4 of the 96-h LC50.

Sensitivity of Blood Cell Counts in Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Stressors Including Sublethal Concentrations of Pulpmill Effluent and Zinc

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2357-2364 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McLeay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Stock Values ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Sensitive Method

Transfer of fish from optimal to high-temperature, crowded holding conditions decreased white blood cell-thrombocyte (WBC-T) counts markedly on 12–96-h exposure. Red blood cell (RBC) counts were increased only slightly at 12 and 48 h. During 28 days acclimatization following transfer to simulated stream compartments, WBC-T counts returned to stock values within 2–4 days, following an initial decline. RBC counts were not altered appreciably.The decline in WBC-T counts of acclimatized fish to a high sublethal concentration of pulpmill effluent was greatest at 24 h. Mean RBC counts were decreased over 24–96 h, but differences were significant at 24 h only. In acclimatized fish exposed to pulpmill effluent, WBC-T counts were decreased (P < 0.001) at concentrations between 0.2 and 0.9 of the 96-h LC50. A 24-h exposure to 15% vol/vol of this effluent had considerably less effect on the WBC-T count when the effluent had been detoxified by foam fractionation.Under similar experimental conditions, exposure to sublethal levels of zinc depressed mean WBC-T counts proportional to concentration, although differences were only significant at 0.5 LC50 and greater. RBC counts were unchanged.The WBC-T response provides a reasonably rapid and sensitive method for measuring stressful levels of pulpmill effluents to salmon. Declines in WBC-T counts are attributable to reduced numbers of circulating small lymphocytes, which could result in decreased resistance of stressed fishes to disease.

Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): behavioural reaction and the physiological stress response

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Rehnberg ◽  
Carl B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Behavioral and physiological reactions were examined in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after the chemodetection of alarm substance and chemical stimuli released from predators and nonpredators. Chemical stimulus from northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) was avoided in a two-choice Y trough, whereas stimulus from the largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) was not. Paradoxically, both stimuli induced a stress response as indicated by elevations in plasma Cortisol and glucose. Plasma thyroxine was not a sensitive indicator of stress. Extracts from the broken skin of squawfish or suckers induced a physiological stress response, thereby raising the possibility of a nonostariophysan fish recognizing an ostariophysan alarm substance. Rinses from human skin or L-serine were behaviorally avoided, but neither stimulus induced physiological stress responses. A conclusion from these results is that behavioral and physiological reactions to chemical stimuli from predators do not necessarily co-occur. These data also suggest that fright is not necessarily a sufficient condition for inducing a stress response of the general adaptation syndrome type in fish.

Induced ovulation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I. Further studies on the use of salmon pituitary preparations

Aquaculture ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Hunter ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye
Keyword(s):  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Induced Ovulation
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