Effects of Cadmium and Copper on the Oxidation of Lactate by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Gills

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
R. E. E. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Oxidative Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Gill Filaments

The oxidative activity of gill filaments was determined by measuring the liberation of 14CO2 from Na-lactate-3-14C. In fish surviving the exposure to 10−5 M CdCl2 (1.12 mg Cd/liter) for 24 hr or to 10−6 M CuCl2 (0.064 mg Cu/liter) for 48 hr, the oxidation of lactate by gills was inhibited by over 50%. The exposure of trout to lower metal ion concentrations resulted in mortalities, but there was no detectable effect on the oxidative activity in gills.

Effects of ergocryptine, prolactin, and growth hormone on survival and ion regulation in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2394-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Brewer ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Simultaneous Injection ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Peripheral Action

Ergocryptine, an ergot alkaloid that suppresses prolactin (PRL) secretion and also affects growth hormone (GH) levels in mammals, was injected into juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, averaging 8 to 31 g. In fresh water the drug caused few fatalities but lowered plasma Na+, plasma Ca2+, muscle K+, muscle Mg2+, and haematocrit values. The simultaneous injection of low doses of PRL or GH did not significantly modify the results obtained with the drug alone except for an increase in muscle Mg2+ levels. This suggests a possible peripheral action of the drug.Ergocryptine caused the death of S. gairdneri in dilute sea water, while in certain circumstances PRL and GH prevented mortalities. In this medium the drug caused elevated levels of plasma Ca2+ and muscle K+. The simultaneous injection of ergocryptine plus PRL in hyperosmotic media produced an elevated plasma Na+ concentration but a decrease in intracellular Na+ content and concentration.The results suggest that PRL is not critical for the survival of S. gairdneri in fresh water but may still be necessary to maintain body ion concentrations. In hyperosmotic media, however, PRL and GH may be essential for survival and may act on general metabolic processes rather than specific osmoregulatory organs.

Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure on Gas Bubble Disease in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Machado ◽  
T. G. Bell ◽  
A. L. Trapp ◽  
D. L. Garling Jr. ◽  
N. R. Kevern
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Prolonged Survival ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Afferent Arterioles

Cumulative mortalities of 100, 50, 20, and 0% due to gas bubble disease (GBD) occurred on exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 180 min to supersaturated water at 136, 130, 124, and 116% total dissolved gas saturation (TDGS), respectively. At 130% TDGS, a prior exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), which converted 80% of the hemoglobin to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), significantly prolonged survival time, but cumulative mortality was insignificantly reduced in the same group. Histologically, all supersaturation mortalities had branchial lesions for GBD (characterized by gas displacement of blood from the afferent arterioles of the gill filaments), while 70% had gas emboli in the retinal choroid gland. At a TDGS of 100%, these histological lesions were not observed and the CO 80% COHb conversion did not induce mortality within 120 min. Breathing movements of both control and CO-exposed fish slowed greatly when a TDGS of 130% was imposed; however, the COHb conversion initiated tachypnea and the CO-treated fish maintained a relatively higher respiratory rate when exposed to supersaturation conditions for a period which was proportional to their prolonged survival time. We concluded that the initial formation of gas emboli preceding fatal GBD was delayed as a result of a CO-inhibited function of hemoglobin.

Studies on the Glomerular Filtration Rate of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1963 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
W. N. HOLMES ◽  
R. L. McBEAN
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Renal Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Renal Tubular

1. Variations in the glomerular filtration rate (G.F.R.) and the renal tubular reabsorption of water are probably important factors in the homoiostatic mechanisms associated with the euryhalinity of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The observed reduction in urine flow after the adaptation of rainbow trout to sea water can be largely accounted for on the basis of the reduced G.F.R. 3. Intraperitoneal injections of mammalian preparations of vasopressin, oxytocin and vasopressin/oxytocin into freshwater trout significantly increased the G.F.R. 4. The intraperitoneal injection of aldosterone into freshwater fish had no detectable effect on G.F.R. 5. The similar administration of corticosterone significantly reduced the G.F.R. to 73% of the intact freshwater control value.

Salt and Water Balance in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) Rapidly Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
R. N. BATH ◽  
F. B. EDDY
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Ionic Content ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

Physiological responses of rainbow trout (mean weight 13.3 g) to sudden changes in salinity were investigated. An initial period lasting about 8 h was characterized by increased drinking and an increase in plasma and body ions. Fish failed to survive more than 2 days in full strength sea water but in two-thirds sea water there were few mortalities and adaptation was complete in 7–10 days. During this period there were gradual physiological changes resulting in normal plasma ion concentrations but significantly increased body ionic content. The intracellular concentrations of muscle chloride showed the greatest increase.

Histopathoiogy and the Pathogenesis of Embolism (Gas Bubble Disease) in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Machado ◽  
D. L. Garling Jr. ◽  
N. R. Kevern ◽  
A. L. Trapp ◽  
T. G. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Rapid Fixation ◽  
Gas Bubble Disease ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Acid Secreting

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) affected with gas bubble disease (GBD) were examined histologically to determine the pathogenesis of the early stages of gas emboli formation. Lesions preserved by a rapid fixation method were located in tissues associated with acid-secreting glands or with high metabolic requirements. Following the development of small gas emboli formed in the retinal chorio-capillaries, a progressive development of unilateral exophthalmia was detected. A lesion found in every treated moribund fish but never in controls was gas displacement of the blood from the afferent arteriole within the gill filaments. The exposure of fish to well water containing graded levels of atmospheric gases from 114 to 118% nitrogen and 103 to 110% oxygen saturation resulted in high mortality. However, fish held in nitrogen varying between 103 and 117% and oxygen from 50 to 94% saturation experienced insignificant mortality. We suggest that hatchery oxygen levels should be maintained below 100% if nitrogen supersaturation is present to reduce mortality from GBD.

Prediction of Soluble Nickel Removal by Activated Sludge Using Free Metal Ion Concentrations

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeppe S. Nielsen ◽  
Steve E. Hrudey ◽  
Frederick F. Cantwell
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Nickel Ion ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Untreated Sewage ◽  
Nickel Uptake ◽  
Nickel Removal ◽  
Free Metal ◽  
Free Metal Ion

Batch isotherm studies using spiked sewage samples containing a range of total soluble nickel concentrations typical of municipal sewage strongly suggested that it is the free (i.e. uncomplexed) nickel ion that is sorbed by activated sludge. Equations relating nickel uptake by activated sludge to free nickel ion concentrations and the extent of complexation in untreated sewage were developed and applied. Predicted and measured nickel removals generally agreed to within ± 30%.

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