Cadmium Uptake by Marine Organisms

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eisler ◽  
G. E. Zaroogian ◽  
R. J. Hennekey
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Cadmium Uptake ◽  
Wet Weight

Adults of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, scallop Aquipecten irradians, oyster Crassostrea virginica, and subadult lobsters Homarus americanus were immersed for 21 days in flowing sea water containing 10 μg/liter of cadmium as[Formula: see text]. Cadmium residues in whole animals and selected tissues were consistently higher in exposed organisms than controls; edible portions of treated lobster (muscle), scallop (adductor muscle), and oyster (whole animal) contained more cadmium per unit wet weight than controls by 25%, 19%, and 352%, respectively.

The Effect of Salinity on Cadmium Uptake by the Tissues of the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
D. A. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Cadmium Uptake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
Salinity Effect ◽  
Wet Weight

Cadmium accumulation by the haemolymph, gills and carapace of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) was significantly higher in dilute sea water. This was reflected in the whole-body cadmium concentrations. There was no salinity effect with the hepatopancreas or muscle cadmium concentration. Over a 68-day period, cadmium was steadily accumulated by the carapace, with the salinity effect becoming increasingly apparent. In 50 % sea water the gill cadmium concentration apparently reached a maximum level after about 2 weeks of uptake. This was eventually overtaken by the tissue cadmium concentration in the gills of 100 % s.w. animals. After about 48 days the salinity effect had disappeared and the gill cadmium concentration of both 50% and 100% s.w. animals (in 20μ-mol Cd l−1 = 2.3 mg l−1) remained at approximately 0.3 μ-mol Cd g−1 (= 33.7 mg kg−1) wet weight of tissue. The hepatopancreas cadmium also levelled off at about this concentration although no salinity effect was apparent. When animals loaded with cadmium for a 37-day period were returned to clean sea water, their whole body cadmium concentration fell by about 50 % after 11 days. Losses from carapace and gills were important components of this reduction in cadmium concentration.

Levels of Stable Zn and 65Zn in Crassostrea virginica from North Carolina

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Zinc Levels

The concentration of zinc in oysters was highly variable — samples from relatively unpolluted estuaries of North Carolina contained, on the average, 85–245 ppm zinc, based on wet weight. Internal tissues, like adductor muscle and pericardial sac, had zinc levels less than half those of external tissues but zinc was nonetheless distributed uniformly throughout the animal tissues. During 1964–66, North Carolina oysters contained 2–20 pCi 65Zn from fallout per 100 g wet weight. Specific activity of 65Zn in these oysters during 1965–66 was in the range 90–300 pCi/g Zn, and was declining with an apparent half-life of 276 days.

Ionic and osmotic influence on prostaglandin release from the gill tissue of a marine bivalve, Modiolus demissus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-185
Author(s):  
W. Freas ◽  
S. Grollman
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Prostaglandin Synthesis ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Prostaglandin Release ◽  
Hyposmotic Stress ◽  
Wet Weight

1. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was identified in Modiolus demissus gill tissue on the basis of solvent extraction, thin layer and column chromatography, bioassay, and radioimmunoassay. The presence of PGE2 was detected in both tissue and sea water incubate surrounding the tissue. 2. Both hyposmotic stress and magnesium-free sea water significantly increased release of prostaglandins into sea water. Hyposmotic stress also significantly increased prostaglandin synthesis. 3. Examination of tissues revealed that homogenates of the mantle and lower visceral mass contained significantly fewer nanograms immunoreactive prostaglandins per gram wet weight than homogenates of the gill, posterior adductor muscle, upper visceral mass, or siphon tissue. 4. Prostaglandin release could be increased by addition of arachidonic acid, and inhibited by addition of acetylsalicylic acid or indomethacin.

The accumulation and excretion of radioactive caesium by the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the thornback ray (Raia clavata)

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Jefferies ◽  
C. J. Hewett
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Thornback Ray ◽  
Processing Plants

INTRODUCTIONThe caesium radionuclides, caesium-137 and caesium-134, are important constituents of aqueous radioactive effluents discharged to the environment of the United Kingdom from fuel re-processing plants and nuclear power stations (Howells, 1966; Mitchell, Harvey & Smith, 1968; Harvey, Baker & Mitchell, 1969). Their accumulation by marine fishes has been the subject of several previous studies, beginning with that of Chipman (1959) who noted that caesium-137 was accumulated in the flesh of the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and that accumulation continued even after a period of 72 days. Similarly, Hiyama & Shimizu (1964) showed that the muscle of the common goby (Acanthobus flaviamus) continued to accumulate caesium-134 from sea water after periods of 30 days. Baptist & Price (1962) have examined the whole body uptake of caesium, by absorption from sea water, in two marine species, the flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and the Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), and they also investigated the accumulation, tissue distribution and excretion of caesium-137 in the croaker, the little tuna (Euthynnus alleteratus) and the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatoux), following oral administration of single doses. These authors concluded that the heart, liver and spleen of the croaker absorbed caesium-137 from sea water at a faster rate than the muscle, and that orally administered caesium-137 was rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract. Tissue distributions were similar in the croaker, bluefish and tuna. The retention of caesium-137 in croaker tissue was described as a multiple rate process. In later experiments Hiyama & Shimizu (1969) compared turnover rates in various organs and tissues following uptake from sea water and from single injection experiments, and obtained good agreement between the values from the two methods.

scholarly journals Aedes Aegypti: Energetics of Osmoregulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Minimum Energy Cost ◽  
Anal Papillae ◽  
Theoretical Minimum

1. Oxygen consumption of A. aegypti larvae, about 210 mul l g−1 tissue wet weight h−1, does not change when the salinity of the environment is changed. The number of mitochondria in the anal papillae, a salt-absorbing epithelium, increases as the external medium is diluted. There is no difference in oxygen consumption between isolated anal papillae in 0, 2 and 20% sea water. The papillae represent about 5% of body volume and their oxygen consumption is about 2% of the animal's total. The theoretical minimum energy cost of osmoregulation is four orders of magnitude smaller than the measured figure for the anal papillae alone. Osmoregulatory phenomena which would explain the recorded observations are discussed.

THE GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA (GMELIN)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Shaw ◽  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Adductor Muscle ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
The North ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), the common oyster of commerce of the North Atlantic Coast, is described. The dorsoventrally compressed mouth bounded by two pairs of labial palps leads into a crescentic oesophagus, thence to the anterior chamber of the stomach from which a complex caecum extends into anteriorly and posteriorly directed spiral appendices. The posterior chamber of the stomach bears a chondroid gastric shield and leads into an elongated chamber which is incompletely divided by two typhlosoles into a style-sac and mid-gut. The intestine is divisible into ascending, median, and descending limbs, the latter merging into the rectum which terminates on the dorsal surface of the adductor muscle. Extensively branched tubular digestive diverticula exit from the stomach by a series of ducts along the margin of the caecum and the posterior stomach. The complete digestive tract is lined by a simple columnar epithelium which is ciliated throughout with the exception of the upper lip or fused external palps, the lower side of the gastric shield in the posterior stomach, and the tubules of the digestive diverticula. Mucous secreting and eosinophilic epithelial cells occur in varying numbers along the course of the tract. Phagocytes are present between the lining epithelial cells, among the peripheral collagenous and muscle fibers, as well as in the lumen of the tract. The gastric shield is shown to be intimately attached to the underlying epithelium by a central clip as well as by minute cytoplasmic processes. The anatomical relationships are compared with various lamellibranchs including the Chilean oyster, Ostrea chilensis Philippi; the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L.; and the Portuguese oyster, Gryphea angulata Lamarck.

The Mechanism of Fluid Absorption at Ecdysis in the American Lobster Homarus Americanus

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD L. MYKLES
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Principal Part ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Fluid Absorption

1. The mechanism of fluid absorption at ecdysis was investigated in the stenohaline marine decapod, Homarus americanus. 2. Sea-water uptake began approximately 1 h before ecdysis, increased rapidly during ecdysis, and was completed 2 h after ecdysis. 3. Increased drinking rates were measured during and just after ecdysis. The quantity of water ingested was equal to the total amount of water absorbed during moult, indicating that fluid entered the haemolymph exclusively via the lining of the digestive tract. 4. It was estimated that 91 % of the ingested sea water appeared in the haemolymph by 2·5 h postecdysis. 5. The midgut appeared to be the principal part of the digestive tract involved in the absorption of fluid into the haemolymph. X-radiography of lobsters that ingested a suspension of barium sulphate during ecdysis demonstrated that accumulation and concentration of this compound occurred within the midgut during the 2·5 h of haemolymph expansion following ecdysis. Elevated net water fluxes across perfused midgut were observed in late proecdysis and 0·5 h after ecdysis.

scholarly journals Inspection of the Laboratory.

1897 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
E. Ray Lankester ◽  
F. E. Beddard
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Lecture Room ◽  
Good Order

The Laboratory was visited and inspected on June 26th and 27th by a Committee appointed by the Council for that purpose, and the following report was submitted to the Council at the meeting held on June 29th:—“The Committee, consisting of the President and Mr. Beddard, arrived in Plymouth on Saturday, June 26th. They visited the laboratories, engine-rooms, tank-room, library, and museum on both Saturday and Sunday. By the President's invitation, they were joined at Plymouth by Mr. John Enys, of Enys, near Falmouth, a member of the Association.“The Committee report in the first place that the satisfactory standard of general efficiency noted last year has been fully maintained. The place is in excellent condition, clean and orderly, and the servants are well in hand.“The large laboratory has been provided with a new flat tank, eight feet by five feet and eight inches deep, by aid of which Mr. Garstang has been carrying on some observations on the habits of Brachyurous Crustacea. The sea-water supplied to the laboratory is still kept distinct from the general circulation in the show tanks, and is never returned to the laboratory tanks after it has passed through them. We are of opinion that this is the only satisfactory system for maintaining marine organisms in a really healthy condition in confinement, the whole theory of ‘circulation’ being illusory and in practice disastrous.“The lecture-room is in good order, and has proved to be very useful and well fitted for its purpose.“The collection of local types in the museum has progressed.

Survival of Lobsters, Homarus americanus, out of Water

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. McLeese
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
The Relationship

Median resistance times (MRT) in moist air at 0, 5, 10, and 15 °C were determined for lobsters acclimated at 0, 10, and 20 °C. At temperatures above 4–8°C depending on acclimation, there was an inverse relationship between median resistance time and temperature. A break in the relationship occurred at 4–8 °C and further lowering of temperature to 0 °C had no effect on MRT. Survival time was not increased by continuous sprays of sea water. Exposure to an air–oxygen mixture containing 40% oxygen by volume had no effect; however, lobsters died faster at 55–85% oxygen. Fed lobsters died faster than starved ones. An inverse relationship between MRT and metabolic rate was indicated.

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