Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Tissues of the Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1191-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dungeness Crab ◽  
Cancer Magister ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

Tissues of the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) were analyzed for content of total lipid, protein, amino acids, fatty acids, and glucosamine. Ovaries and hepatopancreas were the major lipid storage organs. Gonads (ovaries and testes) and skeletal muscle contained substantially more protein than the other tissues. All tissues except the exoskeleton had balanced amino acid compositions. The exoskeletal protein was deficient in arginine and lysine. Glucosamine was a prominent constituent of the exoskeleton and of the gills and the gastric apparatus. Palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids were the major fatty acids found in all tissues.

Amino Acid Metabolism in Plants. II. Transamination Reactions of Free Protein Amino Acids in Cell-Free Extracts of Cotyledons and Growing Tissues of Bushbean Seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Forest ◽  
F. Wightman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The different transaminase reactions for 22 protein amino acids were investigated in extracts of cotyledons and growing tissues of 8-day-old bushbean seedlings when either α-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, or glyoxylate was used as amino group acceptor. The results indicate that both cotyledons and growing tissues exhibited a similar pattern of transaminase activities with respect to the amino acids normally required for protein synthesis. It was found that with the exception of proline, hydroxyproline, and cystine which did not appear to be transaminated, and of serine and threonine which were transaminated only when pyruvate or glyoxylate was provided as the amino group acceptor, all the other 17 amino acids were transaminated to different extents when each of the four keto acids tested was supplied as the amino group acceptor. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine were, by far, the best amino group donors and α-ketoglutarate was generally found to be the best amino acceptor. Consideration is given to the number and substrate specificity of the aminotransferases catalyzing the reactions demonstrated in this study.

The effect of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and spring wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
David Paton ◽  
Saul Zalik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

The effects of ioxynil on the free amino acid and protein content of the leaves of tartary buckwheat and wheat were compared 2 days after the seedlings were sprayed. Spring wheat showed little change in the overall concentration of either the soluble or protein amino acids. Tartary buck wheat, on the other hand, showed marked changes in the balance between soluble and protein amino acids.

scholarly journals 146 Prematurity Blunts the Protein Synthetic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Insulin and Amino Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Teresa A Davis ◽  
Marko Rudar ◽  
Jane Naberhuis ◽  
Agus Suryawan ◽  
Marta Fiorotto
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Relative Body Weight

Abstract Livestock animals are important dual-purpose models that benefit both agricultural and biomedical research. The neonatal pig is an appropriate model for the human infant to assess long-term effects of early life nutrition on growth and metabolic outcomes. Previously we have demonstrated that prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. The objective of this study was to determine whether reduced sensitivity to insulin and/or amino acids drives this blunted response. Pigs were delivered by caesarean section at preterm (PT, 103 d gestation) or at term (T, 112 d gestation) and fed parenterally for 4 d. On day 4, pigs were subject to euinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (FAST), hyperinsulinemic-euaminoacidemic-euglycemic (INS), or euinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic (AA) clamps for 120 min, yielding six treatments: PT-FAST (n = 7), PT-INS (n = 9), PT-AA (n = 9), T-FAST (n = 8), T-INS (n = 9), and T-AA (n = 9). A flooding dose of L-[4-3H]Phe was injected into pigs 30 min before euthanasia. Birth weight and relative body weight gain were lower in PT than T pigs (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentration was increased from ~3 to ~100 µU/mL in INS compared to FAST and AA pigs (P < 0.001); plasma BCAA concentration was increased from ~250 to ~1,000 µmol/L in AA compared to FAST and INS pigs (P < 0.001). Despite achieving similar insulin and amino acid levels, longissimus dorsi AKT phosphorylation, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)·Rheb abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-INS than T-INS pigs (Table 1). Although amino-acid induced dissociation of Sestrin2 from GATOR2 was not affected by prematurity, mTOR·RagA abundance, mTOR·RagC abundance, mTOR activation, and protein synthesis were lower in PT-AA than T-AA pigs. The impaired capacity of premature skeletal muscle to respond to insulin or amino acids and promote protein synthesis likely contributes to reduced lean mass accretion. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.

scholarly journals BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED ACETABULARIA CHLOROPLASTS

1972 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Shephard ◽  
Wendy B. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Labeling ◽  
Labeling Pattern

The ability of chloroplasts isolated from Acetabulana mediterranea to synthesize the protein amino acids has been investigated. When this chloroplast isolate was presented with 14CO2 for periods of 6–8 hr, tracer was found in essentially all amino acid species of their hydrolyzed protein Phenylalanine labeling was not detected, probably due to technical problems, and hydroxyproline labeling was not tested for The incorporation of 14CO2 into the amino acids is driven by light and, as indicated by the amount of radioactivity lost during ninhydrin decarboxylation on the chromatograms, the amino acids appear to be uniformly labeled. The amino acid labeling pattern of the isolate is similar to that found in plastids labeled with 14CO2 in vivo. The chloroplast isolate did not utilize detectable amounts of externally supplied amino acids in light or, with added adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in darkness. It is concluded that these chloroplasts are a tight cytoplasmic compartment that is independent in supplying the amino acids used for its own protein synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the role of contaminants in the observed synthesis, the "normalcy" of Acetabularia chloroplasts, the synthetic pathways for amino acids in plastids, and the implications of these observations for cell compartmentation and chloroplast autonomy.

scholarly journals Identification in skeletal muscle of a distinct extracellular pool of amino acids, and its role in protein synthesis

1971 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hider ◽  
E. B. Fern ◽  
D. R. London
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The kinetics of radioactive labelling of extra- and intra-cellular amino acid pools and protein of the extensor digitorum longus muscle were studied after incubations with radioactive amino acids in vitro. 2. The results indicated that an extracellular pool could be defined, the contents of which were different from those of the incubation medium. 3. It was concluded that amino acids from the extracellular pool, as defined in this study, were incorporated directly into protein.

scholarly journals Amino acid transport in normal and glutathione-deficient sheep erythrocytes

1976 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Young ◽  
J C Ellory ◽  
E M Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
Uptake Rates

1. Uptake rates for 23 amino acids were measured for both normal (high-GSH) and GSH-deficient (low-GSH) erythrocytes from Finnish Landrace sheep. 2. Compared with high-GSH cells, low-GSH cells had a markedly diminished permeability to D-alanine, L-alanine, α-amino-n-butyrate, valine, cysteine, serine, threonine, asparagine, lysine and ornithine. Smaller differences were observed for glycine and proline, whereas uptake of the other amino acids was not significantly different in the two cell types.

Inter-annual and seasonal dynamics of amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition of silver belly Leiognathus splendens

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Chakraborty ◽  
Deepu Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Silver bellies, Leiognathus splendens were studied for their spatial (south-west and south-east coasts of India), annual (2008–2011) and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variations of protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The monthly mean Sea Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor data for the period from January 2008 to December 2011 were taken into account to indicate the distribution of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a to test the hypothesis that surface productivity might be related to nutritional biochemistry of this species. The four year average total protein content and chlorophyll-a showed good correlation during monsoon on the south-west coast and monsoon/post-monsoon on the south-east coast, suggesting that the protein content is prejudiced by the chlorophyll-a concentration. Amino acid scores observed monsoon maxima along the south-west and south-east coasts. Significant seasonal variations in vitamin content were observed at the study locations with high content of vitamins D3, E, K1 and C on the south-west coast. Na content was maximal during pre-monsoon on the south-west coast, while post-monsoon maxima of Ca and K content were observed. The Fe, Mn and Zn were abundant in the samples collected from the south-west coast. The concentration of Se exhibited maximum values post-monsoon along the south-west and south-east coasts. The present study demonstrated L. splendens as a valuable source of the protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins, showing that this low-value species is a good source of well balanced proteins with high biological value to be qualified as a preferred healthy food for human consumption.

Nutritional factors associated with seasonal population increase of cacao thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (Thysanoptera), on cashew, Anacardium occidentale

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Fennah
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amino Acid Concentration ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Bearing Surface ◽  
Wet Season

The feeding of the cacao thrips, Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), on cashew, Anacardium occidentale, one of its host plants in Trinidad, West Indies, is considered in relation to the annual period of maximum population increase on this host and to the choice of feeding sites on individual leaves. On trees observed for three years, populations regularly increased during the dry season, from a low level in December and January to a peak in April or May, and then rapidly declined during the wet season. Even when thrips were most abundant, some trees were free from attack, and this could not be attributed to protective morphological features, to specific repellent substances in the leaf, or to chance. S. rubrocinctus was found to feed on leaves that were subjected to water-stress and to breed only on debilitated trees: the evidence suggested that the adequacy of its supply of nutrients depends on the induction of suitable metabolic conditions within the leaf by water-stress.Both nymphs and adults normally feed on the lower, stomata-bearing surface of the leaf, but in a very humid atmosphere only a weak preference is shown for this surface and if, under natural conditions, it is exposed to insolation by inversion of the leaf, the insects migrate to the other surface. Since the thrips were shown to be indifferent to bodily posture, the observation suggests that their behaviour is governed primarily by avoidance of exposure to undue heat or dryness and only secondarily by the attractiveness of the stomata-bearing surface.Leaves of cashew tend not to become infested while still immature, and become most heavily infested, if at all, soon after they have hardened. Breeding does not occur on senescent leaves. The positions of feeding thrips are almost random on leaves under abnormal water-stress, but otherwise conform to certain patterns that mainly develop in fixed sequence. On reversal of an undetached leaf and consequent transfer of thrips from one surface to the other, there is no appreciable change in their distribution pattern or the apparent acceptability of the substrate. Changes of pattern were readily induced by injury to the plant during a period of water-stress and less easily, or not at all, when water-stress was low. Injury of areas of the leaf by heat was followed by their colonisation by thrips, and partial severance of branches by increased attack on their leaves.Leaves detached from uninfested trees invariably became acceptable for feeding within four hours. During this period, leaf water-content declined and the ratios of soluble-carbohydrate content and α-amino acids to fresh-leaf weight fell slightly and rose considerably, respectively. In the field, the latter ratio was invariably higher for infested than for uninfested leaf tissue, even on portions of the same leaf. If the nutrient value of leaf tissue is determined by the rate at which α-amino acids are extractable through a stylet puncture, the observed change in acceptability for feeding following plucking may be accounted for by the increase in α-amino-acid concentration. Feeding that is restricted on any one tree to the margins of local leaf injuries during prolonged high water-stress and totally absent when stress is low can be correlated with an α-amino-acid content in the living marginal tissue that is high or low, respectively. The ability of thrips to establish themselves and breed on leaves of a particular tree in the dry season and their failure to do so on leaves of the same tree in the wet season conforms with the greater or less amino-acid concentration occurring in the leaf at these respective times.

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