Synthesis of Complex Organic Compounds from Simple Precursors: Formation of Amino-Acids, Amino-Acid Polymers, Fatty Acids and Purines from Ammonium Cyanide

Nature ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 199 (4890) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. U. LOWE ◽  
M. W. REES ◽  
R. MARKHAM
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Amino Acid Polymers ◽  
Complex Organic ◽  
Ammonium Cyanide

scholarly journals Characteristics of Amino Acid, Fatty Acid and Mineral of Sea Hare

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Manulang ◽  
Sri Purwaningsih ◽  
Azrifitria Azrifitria
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Characteristic ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Sea Hare

Dolabella auricularia are found in the waters of Indo - Pacific and has active compound in health, which until now is still limited information about nutritional content from sea hare. The aim of this research were to determine morphometric and chemical characteristic D. auricularia which includes the proximate, amino acids, fatty acids and minerals. The composition of fatty acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC), amino acids were measured by high performanced liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mineral was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The sea hare contained 9 essential amino acids and 6 non essential amino acids. The highest essential amino acid was arginine (1.61%) while the highest non essential amino acids was glycine (3.02%). Sea hare contained 26 fatty acids such as saturated fatty acids 5.33%, monounsaturated fatty acids 2.11% and polyunsaturated fatty acids 4.10%. The high mineral was calcium 68100 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Flax Cultivars in Their Oil, Fatty Acids Protein and Amino Acids and Correlations

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdullah Bakhashwain Ahmed Abdullah Bakhashwain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
King Abdulaziz University

This study was carried out in the Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University to evaluate 7 flax genotypes from different geographical regions concerning their composition from oil and protein contents, fatty acids and amino acids, besides, calculate the correlation coefficients between the fatty acids and also between the amino acids.The main results showed that Verum cv. had the highest oil content and linolenic acid (Omega-3) while Hiera cv. was the highest in meal protein content and most amino acids. The highest amino acid concentration was proline and it ranged from 27.15% to 30.21%. Linolenic acid (Omega-3) negatively and significantly correlated with Oleic and Linoleic (Omega-6) fatty acids. Lysine amino acid positively and significantly correlated with the amino acids of Glutamine, Aspartic, Leucine, Serine and Isoleucine.

Composition of amino acids and fatty acids on Luwak coffee processing

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Fitri ◽  
A. Laga ◽  
Z. Dwyana ◽  
A.B. Tawali
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Green Bean ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Coffee Beans

The processing carried out on coffee beans such as fermentation and roasting can affect the contents of amino and fatty acids of coffee beans. This study aimed to determine the amount of amino acid and fatty acid content in Luwak coffee bean during processing. The amino acids of coffee were analyzed using HPLC, while fatty acids of coffee were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed a change in total amino acid content in raw coffee bean (3.04%), green bean coffee (6.93%), and roasted coffee (6.83%). The total fatty acid of raw coffee bean (1199.86 mg/100 g), green bean coffee (3147.56 mg/100 g), and roasted coffee (6282.4 mg/100 g) also experienced significant changes

scholarly journals Nutritional Profiling and the Value of Processing By-Products from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirian Pateiro ◽  
Paulo E. S. Munekata ◽  
Rubén Domínguez ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Francisco J. Barba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
By Products

Fish processing industries generate a large volume of discards. In order to fulfil with the principles of a sustainable circular economy, it is necessary to maintain aquaculture by-products in the food chain through the production of high-value biomolecules that can be used as novel ingredients. In this study, we try to give value to the gilthead sea bream by-products, evaluating the composition and the nutritional value of the muscle and six discards commonly obtained from the fish processing industry (fishbone, gills, guts, heads, liver, and skin), which represent ≈ 61% of the whole fish. Significant differences were detected among muscle and by-products for fatty acid and amino acid profile, as well as mineral content. The discards studied were rich in protein (10%–25%), showing skin and fishbone to have the highest contents. The amino acid profile reflected the high quality of its protein, with 41%–49% being essential amino acids—lysine, leucine, and arginine were the most abundant amino acids. Guts, liver, and skin were the fattiest by-products (25%–35%). High contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (31%–34%), n-3 fatty acids (12%–14%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (6%–8%) characterized these discards. The head displayed by far the highest ash content (9.14%), which was reflected in the mineral content, especially in calcium and phosphorous. These results revealed that gilthead sea bream by-products can be used as source of value-added products such as protein, oils, and mineral supplements.

A Method to Discriminate between Abiotic and Biotic Processes on Cryovolcanically Active Ocean Worlds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Klenner ◽  
Frank Postberg ◽  
Jon Hillier ◽  
Nozair Khawaja ◽  
Morgan L. Cable ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Impact Ionization ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Mass Spectral

<p>Discriminating between abiotic and biotic signatures of amino acids and fatty acids on extraterrestrial ocean worlds is key to the search for life and its emergence on these bodies. Cryovolcanically active ocean worlds, such as Enceladus and potentially Europa, eject water ice grains formed from subsurface water into space. The ejected ice grains can be sampled by impact ionization mass spectrometers onboard spacecraft – such as Cassini’s Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) – thereby exploring the habitability of the subsurface oceans. Complex organic macromolecules [1], as well as nitrogen- and oxygen-bearing organics that could act as amino acid precursors [2], were recently detected by the CDA in Enceladean ice grains. The next step is to determine whether potential biosignatures, such as amino acids and fatty acids, may also be detected using impact ionization mass spectrometry and whether abiotic and biotic signatures can be distinguished after a hypervelocity ice grain impact.</p><p>Previous experiments with an analogue Laser Induced Liquid Beam Ion Desorption (LILBID) spectrometer, proven to accurately reproduce the mass spectra of water ice grains at different impact speeds in space [3], have shown that most amino acids, fatty acids and peptides in pure water ice grains can be detected at nanomolar concentrations [4]. Here, we investigate the mass spectral appearance and detection limits of amino acids and fatty acids, in proportions representative of either biotic or abiotic formation processes, in a more realistic, Enceladus-like scenario. The analytes are mixed with over twenty additional organic (e.g., carboxylic acids) and inorganic background components (e.g., salts) suitable for ice grains formed from Enceladean ocean water which has interacted with the moon’s rocky core.</p><p>We find it is possible to distinguish and identify abiotic and biotic mass spectral fingerprints of potential biosignatures from the background even under these difficult conditions. In contrast to our previous work, we here find that amino acids and fatty acids form characteristic sodium-complexed molecular cations in a salty matrix. Detection limits of the organic biosignatures depend strongly on their Pk<sub>a</sub> values and the salinity of the ice grains. Amino acid and fatty acid concentrations realistic for abiotic and biotic processes in the Enceladus ocean can be detected and characteristic abiotic and biotic mass spectral signatures can be clearly distinguished from each other [5]. We infer from our experiments that ice grain encounter velocities of 3 – 6 km/s are most appropriate for the detection of the distinctive signatures of the biomolecules. In this work, we established a standard methodology to detect and discriminate between abiotic and biotic processes in ice grains from extraterrestrial water environments.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p>[1] Postberg et al. (2018) Nature 558, 564-568, [2] Khawaja et al. (2019) Mon Not R Astron Soc 489, 5231-5243, [3] Klenner et al. (2019) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 33, 1751-1760, [4] Klenner et al. (2020a) Astrobiology 20, in press, [5] Klenner et al. (2020b) Astrobiology, under review</p>

Comparison on Nutrient Composition and Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profile of Muscle in Wild and Farmed Prawn, Penaeus japonicu

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Hong Xu ◽  
Bin Lun Yan ◽  
Jia Tao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Penaeus Japonicus ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
Wild Group

Penaeus japonicus is an important marine shrimps resource in China. In order to evaluate the nutritional value, the contents of general nutritional compositions, amino acids and fatty acids in muscle were compared between wild and farmed P. japonicus. The contents of muscle moisture and crude protein, fat and ash in wild P. japonicus were 77.16%, 17.74%, 2.08% and 1.79％, and those in farmed P. japonicus were 78.02%, 17.26%, 2.04% and 1.63％, respectively. The essential amino acids (EAA) in wild and farmed P. japonicus were 23.25％ and 22.43％, respectively. The amino acid score of essential amino acids were higher than 100 except Leu and Trp, so the protein of P. japonicus has a well-balanced amino acid composition. Wild P. japonicus has more unsaturated fatty acids (64.05％) than farmed group (60.34％). Higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentainoic acids (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6 n-3) contents and lower C16:0, C20:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 levels were detected in the wild group. Values of n-6/n-3 in muscle of farmed and wild P. japonicus were 0.30 and 0.23 respectively, which were both significantly lower than the maximum value (4.0) recommended by UK Department of Health (HMSO, 1994), while Values of the PUFA/SFA ratio of two groups were 0.60 and 0.74 higher than the minimum value (0.45) recommended by HMSO. Thus the muscle of farmed and wild P. japonicus are both healthy and safe, and the the muscle of wild P. japonicus is more beneficial to human health.

scholarly journals Proximate composition, amino acids, and fatty acids contents of dried shrimp products available in Jashore region, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-146
Author(s):  
Pranta Das ◽  
Md Salman ◽  
Md Aminur Islam ◽  
Sharmin Suraiya ◽  
Monjurul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Healthy Choice ◽  
Metapenaeus Monoceros

Dried shrimp has some special advantageous such as long shelf-life, high nutritional content, and ease of transportation considered as a healthy choice of food. The nutritional properties of three common and demandable dried shrimp species available in Jashore, Bangladesh were evaluated. The moisture content of dried Palaemon karnafuliensis, Metapenaeus Monoceros and Ferapenaeus indicus was determined 19.7±0.40%, 20.5±0.25% and 24.9±0.21%, respectively. The protein content was found 57.46±5.88%, 62.5±1.98%, and 55.5±1.85% in Palaemon karnafuliensis, Metapenaeus Monoceros, and Ferapenaeus indicus, respectively. The ash and fat content of Palaemon karnafuliensis, Metapenaeus Monoceros and Ferapenaeus indicus were observed 12.20±0.90% and 1.90±0.15%, 10.20±0.39% and 1.48±0.32%, 8.57±1.43%, and 1.08±0.21%, respectively. Total saturated fatty acids content was found 31.56%, 29.21%, 38.59 in Palaemon karnafuliensis, Metapenaeus monoceros, and Ferapenaeus indicus, respectively. The polyunsaturated fatty acids was found 42.60%, 42.29%, and 37.80% in Palaemon karnafuliensis, Metapenaeus monoceros, and Ferapenaeus indicus, respectively. There were nine non-essential and eight essential amino acids found in the dried shrimp products. Glutamine, proline, glycine and alanine were dominated among the non-essential amino acid. Lysine was found a significant amount in the study. All the three dried shrimp products were considered as highly nutritive and less fat value which is considered healthy for the consumers. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (2), 138-146

scholarly journals Profile of Amino Acid and Fatty Acid from Different Type of Worm as Feed of Broodstock Candidates for Domesticated Uceng (Nemacheilus fasciatus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Lik Anatus Sholikah ◽  
Agoes Soeprijanto ◽  
Yuni Kilawati
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
The People ◽  
Randomized Design

Uceng fish (Nemacheilus fasciatus) is a fish that lives wild on the river. All this time, the people have only relied on fishing from nature to consume, but the high market demand for fish will increase river fishing activities in excess. One of the steps to suppress the decline in fish populations is domestication because currently, the fish is not yet cultivated. The domestication process by feeding worms containing amino acids and fatty acids accelerates broodstock candidates' gonadal development. This research aims to determine the type of worms suitable as feed for the growth and gonadal development of broodstock candidates. The method that used in this research is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions. Based on the analysis of amino acids and fatty acids in each type of worm, the best results were obtained on Lumbricus rubellus with an amino acid content of 50.91 gr/100gr and fatty acid 292.27%.

scholarly journals Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Agada Adaeze Bob-Chile ◽  
Peter Uchenna Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.

scholarly journals Effects of fermentation on the proximate, anti-nutrients, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids profiles of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Rhamatallah Adenike Alawode ◽  
Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso ◽  
Yahaya Ahmed Iyaka ◽  
Julian Chukwuemeka Anuonye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Ziziphus Mauritiana ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

Background: Fermentation has been recognized as one of the oldest ways of food processing that increase food quality by increasing nutrient bio-availability through the reduction in anti-nutrient compositions. The present study evaluated the effects of fermentation on nutrients and anti-nutrients composition of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) seed. Methods: The seed of Z. mauritiana was fermented for 24 hr. Standard analytical procedures were used to analyse the proximate, minerals, amino acid, fatty acid and anti-nutrient compositions of the seed sample at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hr of fermentation. Results: The seed has high amounts of proteins, minerals, amino acids and low levels of anti-nutrients. The seed also has higher unsaturated than saturated fatty acids. Fermentation significantly increased the minerals compositions, decreases anti-nutrients and some amino acid levels but had no plausible effects (p>0.05) on proximate contents of the seed. Fermentation for 6 and 12 hr had no significant (p <0.05) effect on the fatty acids, however, at 18 and 24 hr a significant (p<0.05) reduction in fatty acid were recorded. On the basis of nutrient retention, the most plausible and positive effects of the fermentation on Z. mauritiana were observed at ≤ 12 of fermentation. Conclusion: Ziziphus mauritiana seed could be employed as an alternative source of nutrients for humans and animals. However, fermentation of Z. mauritiana should be done for a period of ≤ 12 hr if necessary

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