Influence of Temperature and Salinity Acclimation on Temperature Preferenda of the Euryhaline Fish Tilapia nilotica

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica

When Tilapia nilotica was acclimated to temperatures of 15–35 C and salinities of 0–30‰ in a vertical gradient tank, maximum temperature preferenda occurred at acclimation temperatures of 20 and 25 irrespective of salinity. Preferenda declined as acclimation temperature was increased above 25 C and, except at 0 and 7.5‰, declined as acclimation temperature was decreased below 20 C. The pattern of the relation between final temperature preferenda and salinity was similar to that reported between oxygen consumption for a given sustained swimming speed and salinity. The final preferendum was lowest at 15‰, close to the isosmotic salinity of T. nilotica, and highest at the extremes, 0 and 30‰. Final temperature preferenda are in general agreement with optimum temperatures reported for growth, reproduction, and swimming performance.

Impact of Diet on Metabolism and Swimming Performance in Juvenile Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
J. C. Howlett ◽  
T. E. Medland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Velocity Increments ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of similar size were fed one of three isocaloric diets, each differing in protein and lipid content. Oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured in a recirculating water flume at intervals throughout the 70-d feeding trials (10 °C). Swimming speed was increased by stepwise velocity increments (5 cm∙s−1) and oxygen consumption was measured at each velocity between 20 and 45 cm∙s−1. Oxygen consumption for a given speed did not differ significantly throughout the feeding trial nor among the diets implying a similarity in the quality and quantity of substrate catabolized for energy. Basal metabolism (0 cm∙s−1) was also independent of diet and feeding interval. Critical swimming speed increased with dietary and carcass protein content to suggest a direct association with muscle mass and number of myofilaments.

The Swimming Energetics of Trout

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Difference

1. The oxygen consumption of rainbow trout was measured at a variety of subfatigue swimming speeds, at a temperature of 15 %C. Five groups of fish were used, a control group and four groups with extra drag loads attached to the body. 2. The logarithm of oxygen consumption was linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups, the slope of the relationship increasing with the size of the extra drag load. The mean standard rate of oxygen consumption was 72.5 mg O2/kg wet weight/h. The active rate of oxygen consumption was highest for the control group (628 mg O2/kg/h) and fell with increasing size of the attached drag load. The active rate for the control group was high in comparison with other salmonid fish, and in comparison with the value expected for the fish. This was not a result of the extra drag loads in the other groups. No explanation for this high value can be found. 3. The critical swimming speed for a 60 min test period was 58.1 cm/sec (2.0 body lengths/sec) for the control group. The values for the critical swimming speeds were slightly higher than those measured for the same species in a previous paper (Webb, 1971). The difference between the two sets of critical swimming speeds is attributed to seasonal changes in swimming performance. 4. The aerobic efficiency was found to reach values of 14.5-15.5% based on the energy released by aerobic metabolism in comparison with the calculated required thrust. 5. The anaerobic contribution to the total energy budget in increasing-velocity tests is considered to be small, and can be neglected. 6. It is concluded that the efficiency of the muscle system in cruising will be approximately 17-20% over the upper 80% of the cruising-speed range, while the caudal propeller efficiency will increase from about 15-75 % over the same range. 7. Consideration of the efficiency values for the caudal propeller calculated here, and those predicted by Lighthill's (1969) model of fish propulsion, suggest that the efficiency of the propeller system will reach an optimum value at the maximum cruising speeds of most fish, and will remain close to this value at spring speeds.

Influence of Temperature and Current Speed on the Swimming Capacity of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and Cisco (C. artedii)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1522-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Bernatchez ◽  
Julian J. Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
High Water ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Swimming Endurance

We tested the influence of temperature and water velocity on metabolic rate and swimming performance of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and Cisco (C. artedii) using respirometry techniques. Tests were conducted at 5, 12, and 17 °C (speed range 20–102 cm∙s−1) for fake whitefish and at 12 °C (speed range 20–63 cm∙s−1) for cisco. Fish lengths ranged from 10 to 39 cm (TL). The net aerobic cost of swimming, obtained by subtracting standard from total oxygen consumption, was twice as high for cisco as that for lake whitefish at any swimming speed. However, the standard metabolic rate of lake whitefish was almost the double that of cisco acclimated to the same temperature. Values of metabolic scope for activity coupled with the net cost of swimming showed that coregonines were not good performers compared with most salmonids. The active metabolic rate, scope for activity, and critical swimming speed for lake whitefish were maximal at 12 °C and minimal at 5 °C. Swimming endurance of lake whitefish decreased logarithmically with swimming speed and was reduced at low temperature, the distance traversed at any given swimming speed being minimal at 5 °C. Our results support the hypothesis that the combined effect of high water velocities and low ambient temperature on coregonines' metabolism and swimming performance may be a more important factor than specific spawning temperature in the timing of the early reproductive migration of anadromous coregonines in the Eastmain River, James Bay.

scholarly journals Prolonged swimming, recovery and repeat swimming performance of mature sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to moderate hypoxia and pentachlorophenol.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (14) ◽  
pp. 2183-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Farrell ◽  
A K Gamperl ◽  
I K Birtwell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Moderate Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Levels

Mature, wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) demonstrated their remarkable stamina and recovery abilities by performing three consecutive critical swimming speed tests with only a 45 min interval for recovery between subsequent tests. Although the repeated swimming challenges were performed without a full recovery, normoxic fish swam just as well on the second swim, and the majority of fish swam only marginally more poorly on the third swim. In addition, metabolic loading in these fish, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption, ventilation rate and plasma lactate levels during recovery, did not appear to be cumulative with successive swims. Fish, however, did not recover as well after a similar level of initial swimming performance under moderately hypoxic conditions (water PO2>100 mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.1333 kPa). Four out of the five fish did not swim again and their high plasma lactate levels indicated a greater anaerobic effort. In another group of fish, metabolic loading (elevated control rates of oxygen consumption) was induced with an overnight sublethal exposure to pentachlorophenol, but these fish swam as well as normoxic fish on the first swim, and five of the six fish swam for a third time at a marginally lower critical swimming speed. In contrast to expectations, pentachlorophenol pretreatment and moderate hypoxia were not additive in their effects. Instead, the effects resembled those of pentachlorophenol pretreatment alone. The results are discussed in terms of what aspects of fatigue might impair the repeat swimming performance of sockeye salmon.

scholarly journals A Method for Estimating the Velocity at Which Anaerobic Metabolism Begins in Swimming Fish

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1430
Author(s):  
Feifei He ◽  
Xiaogang Wang ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Yiqun Hou ◽  
Qiubao Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Critical Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tail Beat

Anaerobic metabolism begins before fish reach their critical swimming speed. Anaerobic metabolism affects the swimming ability of fish, which is not conducive to their upward tracking. The initiation of anaerobic metabolism therefore provides a better predictor of flow barriers than critical swimming speed. To estimate the anaerobic element of metabolism for swimming fish, the respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus, mass = 260.10 ± 7.93, body length = 19.32 ± 0.24) were tested in a closed tank at 20 ± 1 °C. The swimming behavior and rate of oxygen consumption of these carp were recorded at various swimming speeds. Results indicate (1) The critical swimming speed of the crucian carp was 0.85 ± 0.032 m/s (4.40 ± 0.16 BL/s). (2) When a power function was fitted to the data, oxygen consumption, as a function of swimming speed, was determined to be AMR = 131.24 + 461.26Us1.27 (R2 = 0.948, p < 0.001) and the power value (1.27) of Us indicated high swimming efficiency. (3) Increased swimming speed led to increases in the tail beat frequency. (4) Swimming costs were calculated via rate of oxygen consumption and hydrodynamic modeling. Then, the drag coefficient of the crucian carp during swimming was calibrated (0.126–0.140), and the velocity at which anaerobic metabolism was initiated was estimated (0.52 m/s), via the new method described herein. This study adds to our understanding of the metabolic patterns of fish at different swimming speeds.

The Respiratory Metabolism and Swimming Performance of Young Sockeye Salmon

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fatigue Curve ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Active Metabolism

The rate of oxygen consumption in young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was determined for various swimming speeds, including fatigue levels, at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 °C. A logarithmic increase in oxygen demand with increase in swimming speed characterized each acclimation temperature. Extrapolation to zero activity (standard metabolism) and maximum activity (active metabolism) provided differences of the order of 10 to 12 times the minimum rate.The greatest scope for activity occurred at 15 °C with an average active metabolic rate of 895 mg O2/kg/hr for a swimming speed of 4.1 body lengths per second, just maintained for 1 hr. Above 15 °C active metabolism was limited, apparently by oxygen availability.Rate of replacement of oxygen debt following fatigue was determined by tracing the return to a resting state of metabolism, and confirmed by re-tests at fatigue velocities. In most instances the rate declined logarithmically with time; in some there was an initial or secondary slump. Times to recovery (return of spontaneous activity) averaged 3.2 hr, independent of acclimation temperature.Swimming speed–fatigue tests indicated a sustained level of performance at about 200–300 min. Comparison with other fish suggests a marked change in slope of the fatigue curve at about 20 sec. The effect of temperature was greatest on sustained speeds and least on burst speeds.

The Metabolic Cost of Swimming in Ducks

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRY D. PRANGE ◽  
KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
The Cost

1. The metabolic cost of swimming was studied in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) which had been trained to swim steadily in a variable-speed water channel. 2. At speeds of from 0.35 to 0.50 m/sec the oxygen consumption remained relatively constant at approximately 2.2 times the resting level. At speeds of 0.55 m/sec and higher the oxygen consumption increased rapidly and reached 4.1 times resting at the maximum sustainable speed of 0.70 m/sec. 3. The maximum sustainable swimming speed of the ducks coincided with the limit predicted from hydrodynamic considerations of the water resistance of a displacement-hulled ship of the same hull length as a duck (0.33 m). 4. The cost of transport (metabolic rate/speed) reached a minimum of 5.77 kcal/kg km at a swimming speed of 0.50 m/sec. Ducks swimming freely on a pond were observed to swim at the speed calculated in experimental trials to give minimum cost of transport. 5. Drag measurements made with model ducks indicated a maximum overall efficiency (power output/power input) for the swimming ducks of about 5%. Ships typically have maximum efficiencies of 20-30%. Because of the difficulty in delimiting the cost of swimming activity alone from the other bodily functions of the duck, overall efficiency may present an incorrect description of the swimming performance of the duck relative to that of a ship. An hydrodynamic parameter such as speed/length ratio [speed/(hull length)½] whereby a duck excels conventional ships may present a more appropriate comparison.

Oxygen Consumption of Tilapia nilotica in Relation to Swimming Speed and Salinity

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2807-2821 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica

Oxygen consumption of Tilapia nilotica (L.) at 25 C was measured for various swimming speeds at salinities of 0, 7.5, 11.6, 22.5, and 30‰.Oxygen consumption for a given swimming speed and salinity increased linearly with weight when expressed on a double logarithmic grid. Slopes of regression lines relating oxygen consumption and weight were less than unity, ranging from 0.5117 to 0.9887.Generally, oxygen consumption at 0, 7.5, and 22.5‰ was approximately equal; values at 11.6‰ were lowest and those at 30‰ highest. Presumably, energy required for osmoregulation was least in the absence of an osmotic gradient (11.6‰) and greatest when the osmotic gradient was highest (30‰). Assuming energy required for osmoregulation was zero at the isosmotic salinity (11.6‰), it was estimated that approximately 29% of the total oxygen consumption was required for osmoregulation at 30‰ and 19% at 0, 7.5, and 22.5‰.Plasma osmotic concentration was used as an index of capacity for osmotic regulation. Concentrations for unexercised fish remained about the same at 0, 15, and 30‰. At no salinity were plasma osmotic concentrations for exercised and unexercised fish statistically different at P < 0.05. However, there was a trend for concentrations for exercised fish to decrease from the unexercised level at 0‰ and to increase from the unexercised level at 30‰. Only at 15‰ were concentrations similar for exercised and unexercised fish. Of the salinities tested, fish were able to osmoregulate most efficiently at 15‰, the salinity closest to the isosmotic salinity.

scholarly journals Feeding strategy of mackerel in the Norwegian Sea relative to currents, temperature, and prey

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Nøttestad ◽  
Justine Diaz ◽  
Hector Penã ◽  
Henrik Søiland ◽  
Geir Huse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Swimming Direction ◽  
Atlantic Mackerel ◽  
The North ◽  
Foraging Rate ◽  
Feeding Resources

Abstract High abundance of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.), combined with limited food resources, may now force mackerel to enter new and productive regions in the northern Norwegian Sea. However, it is not known how mackerel exploit the spatially varying feeding resources, and their vertical distribution and swimming behaviour are also largely unknown. During an ecosystem survey in the Norwegian Sea during the summer feeding season, swimming direction, and speed of mackerel schools were recorded with high-frequency omnidirectional sonar in four different regions relative to currents, ambient temperature, and zooplankton. A total of 251 schools were tracked, and fish and zooplankton were sampled with pelagic trawl and WP-2 plankton net. Except for the southwest region, swimming direction of the tracked schools coincided with the prevailing northerly Atlantic current direction in the Norwegian Sea. Swimming with the current saves energy, and the current also provides a directional cue towards the most productive areas in the northern Norwegian Sea. Average mean swimming speed in all regions combined was ∼3.8 body lengths s−1. However, fish did not swim in a straight course, but often changed direction, suggesting active feeding in the near field. Fish were largest and swimming speed lowest in the northwest region which had the highest plankton concentrations and lowest temperature. Mackerel swam close to the surface at a depth of 8–39 m, with all schools staying above the thermocline in waters of at least 6°C. In surface waters, mackerel encounter improved foraging rate and swimming performance. Going with the flow until temperature is too low, based on an expectation of increasing foraging rate towards the north while utilizing available prey under way, could be a simple and robust feeding strategy for mackerel in the Norwegian Sea.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document