Oxygen Consumption of Tilapia nilotica in Relation to Swimming Speed and Salinity

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2807-2821 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica

Oxygen consumption of Tilapia nilotica (L.) at 25 C was measured for various swimming speeds at salinities of 0, 7.5, 11.6, 22.5, and 30‰.Oxygen consumption for a given swimming speed and salinity increased linearly with weight when expressed on a double logarithmic grid. Slopes of regression lines relating oxygen consumption and weight were less than unity, ranging from 0.5117 to 0.9887.Generally, oxygen consumption at 0, 7.5, and 22.5‰ was approximately equal; values at 11.6‰ were lowest and those at 30‰ highest. Presumably, energy required for osmoregulation was least in the absence of an osmotic gradient (11.6‰) and greatest when the osmotic gradient was highest (30‰). Assuming energy required for osmoregulation was zero at the isosmotic salinity (11.6‰), it was estimated that approximately 29% of the total oxygen consumption was required for osmoregulation at 30‰ and 19% at 0, 7.5, and 22.5‰.Plasma osmotic concentration was used as an index of capacity for osmotic regulation. Concentrations for unexercised fish remained about the same at 0, 15, and 30‰. At no salinity were plasma osmotic concentrations for exercised and unexercised fish statistically different at P < 0.05. However, there was a trend for concentrations for exercised fish to decrease from the unexercised level at 0‰ and to increase from the unexercised level at 30‰. Only at 15‰ were concentrations similar for exercised and unexercised fish. Of the salinities tested, fish were able to osmoregulate most efficiently at 15‰, the salinity closest to the isosmotic salinity.

scholarly journals Energy Partitioning in Fish: The Activityrelated Cost of Osmoregulation in a Euryhaline Cichlid

1987 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO FEBRY ◽  
PETER LUTZ
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Related Cost ◽  
The Cost

We have investigated how the maintenance, net cost of swimming and total (maintenance + net cost of swimming) metabolic rates of red, hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ♀ × O. hornorum ♂) responded to different acclimation salinities, and if these responses correlated with changes in ion-osmoregulation (= osmoregulation) costs. Three groups of fish were acclimated to either fresh water (FW, 0‰), isosmotic sea water (ISW, 12‰) or full strength sea water (SW, 35 ‰) and oxygen consumption was measured while they swam at 10, 20, 30 and 40cms-1. Maintenance oxygen consumption (estimated by extrapolation), for an average fish (63g), increased among groups in the following order: FW &lt; ISW &lt; SW. The net cost of swimming increased in the order ISW &lt; SW &lt; FW, and total oxygen consumption (maintenance + net cost of swimming) increased in the order ISW &lt; FW &lt; SW. We assumed that the contribution of cardiac, branchial and swimming muscles to the net cost of swimming was proportional to swimming speed only, and therefore, at similar speeds, differences in the net cost of swimming among salinities were due to changes in the activity-related cost of osmoregulation. Consequently, the order in which the net cost of swimming increases from one group to another is the same as the order in which the cost of osmoregulation increases. Since the sequences for maintenance and total metabolic rates differed from that for the net cost of swimming, salinity-related increases in these rates cannot be attributed exclusively to changes in osmoregulation cost. We conclude, based on the differences in the net cost of swimming, that osmoregulation in FW is more expensive than in SW, and that it is cheapest in ISW. Although we were not able to estimate the total cost of osmoregulation in FW and SW, we estimated the activity-related cost, relative to the cost in ISW, at different swimming speeds (net cost of swimming in FW or SW minus net cost of swimming in ISW at each speed). For a 63-g fish in FW, this cost increased from zero at rest, to 41mgO2kg−1h−1 (16% of the total metabolic rate, 24% of the net cost swimming) at 40 cms−1. In SW the same cost increased only to 32 mgO2 kg−1h−1 (12% of the total metabolic rate, 20% of the net cost of swimming) at 40cms−1. The net cost of swimming in FW or SW increased with swimming speed at a rate 3×4 times faster

Influence of Temperature and Salinity Acclimation on Temperature Preferenda of the Euryhaline Fish Tilapia nilotica

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Salinity Acclimation ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica

When Tilapia nilotica was acclimated to temperatures of 15–35 C and salinities of 0–30‰ in a vertical gradient tank, maximum temperature preferenda occurred at acclimation temperatures of 20 and 25 irrespective of salinity. Preferenda declined as acclimation temperature was increased above 25 C and, except at 0 and 7.5‰, declined as acclimation temperature was decreased below 20 C. The pattern of the relation between final temperature preferenda and salinity was similar to that reported between oxygen consumption for a given sustained swimming speed and salinity. The final preferendum was lowest at 15‰, close to the isosmotic salinity of T. nilotica, and highest at the extremes, 0 and 30‰. Final temperature preferenda are in general agreement with optimum temperatures reported for growth, reproduction, and swimming performance.

Myocardial and Total Oxygen Consumption with Halothane

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Theye
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Total Oxygen

Impact of Diet on Metabolism and Swimming Performance in Juvenile Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish ◽  
J. C. Howlett ◽  
T. E. Medland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Velocity Increments ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Juvenile lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of similar size were fed one of three isocaloric diets, each differing in protein and lipid content. Oxygen consumption and swimming performance were measured in a recirculating water flume at intervals throughout the 70-d feeding trials (10 °C). Swimming speed was increased by stepwise velocity increments (5 cm∙s−1) and oxygen consumption was measured at each velocity between 20 and 45 cm∙s−1. Oxygen consumption for a given speed did not differ significantly throughout the feeding trial nor among the diets implying a similarity in the quality and quantity of substrate catabolized for energy. Basal metabolism (0 cm∙s−1) was also independent of diet and feeding interval. Critical swimming speed increased with dietary and carcass protein content to suggest a direct association with muscle mass and number of myofilaments.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption of the Isolated Heart of Octopus: Effects of Power Output and Hypoxia

1987 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-157
Author(s):  
D. F. HOULIHAN ◽  
C. AGNISOLA ◽  
N. M. HAMILTON ◽  
I. TRARA GENOINO
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Isolated Heart ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Coronary Veins ◽  
Output Flow

A technique is described which allowed the measurement of the oxygen consumption of the isolated heart of Octopus vulgaris. Contraction of the heart resulted in an aortic output and a flow through the heart muscle into coronary veins (the coronary output). The flow and oxygen content of the aortic output and the coronary output were measured with variable input pressures and constant output back pressure (volume loaded), variable output back pressure and constant aortic output (pressure loaded), and during hypoxia. Volume loading of the heart resulted in an increase in aortic output, power output and total oxygen consumption. Pressure loading increased power output and total oxygen consumption of the heart. Exposure to hypoxia decreased the aortic output, power output and total cardiac oxygen consumption. In the response of the heart to reduced work, brought about either by a reduced input pressure or by hypoxic perfusate, the power output was linearly related to the total oxygen consumption of the heart. The oxygen extracted from the coronary output accounted for 80–100% of the total oxygen consumption of the heart. Coronary output amounted to 30% of the total cardiac output at maximum power output. In volume-loaded hearts the volume of the coronary output increased as aortic output increased; in pressure-loaded hearts coronary output increased as power output increased, but aortic output remained constant. In hypoxia, the coronary output increased as the aortic output fell. At a perfusate Po2 of around 50 Torr (1 Torr = 133 Pa), the aortic output ceased although the heart continued to beat and the coronary output continued, accounting for all of the oxygen consumption of the heart. The coronary output flow in vitro therefore has the capacity to be varied independently of the aortic output flow to maintain the oxygen supply to the perfused cardiac muscle.

Microvascular oxygen delivery and consumption following treatment with verapamil

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (4) ◽  
pp. H1515-H1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanae Hangai-Hoger ◽  
Amy G. Tsai ◽  
Barbara Friesenecker ◽  
Pedro Cabrales ◽  
Marcos Intaglietta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Smooth Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Oxygen Release ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Verapamil Hcl ◽  
Window Chamber ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxation

The microvascular distribution of oxygen was studied in the arterioles and venules of the awake hamster window chamber preparation to determine the contribution of vascular smooth muscle relaxation to oxygen consumption of the microvascular wall during verapamil-induced vasodilatation. Verapamil HCl delivered in a 0.1 mg/kg bolus injection followed by a continuous infusion of 0.01 mg·kg−1·min−1 caused significant arteriolar dilatation, increased microvascular flow and functional capillary density, and decreased arteriolar vessel wall transmural Po2 difference. Verapamil caused tissue Po2 to increase from 25.5 ± 4.1 mmHg under control condition to 32.0 ± 3.7 mmHg during verapamil treatment. Total oxygen released by the microcirculation to the tissue remained the same as at baseline. Maintenance of the same level of oxygen release to the tissue, increased tissue Po2, and decreased wall oxygen concentration gradient are compatible if vasodilatation significantly lowers vessel wall oxygen consumption, which in this model appears to constitute an important oxygen-consuming compartment. These findings show that treatment with verapamil, which increases oxygen supply through vasodilatation, may further improve tissue oxygenation by lowering oxygen consumption of the microcirculation.

The Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Respiration of Fish Embryos (Salmo Fario)

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
A. H. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Time Required

1. The rate of respiration (as expressed in c.c. O2 per gram embryo per hour) of the embryos of Salmo fario remains constant at any given temperature until the embryo has reached its maximum growth-rate, after this point it declines. It is suggested that the rate of respiration may be proportional to the amount of available yolk. 2. When incubated at 7° C. the time required to complete development after hatching was 58 days and the total oxygen consumed by an average embryo during this period was 20·31 c.c. (N.T.P.). At 12° the time required for the completion of development was reduced to 27 days, but the oxygen consumption remained practically unchanged at 20·71 c.c. At 3° C. the time required for development was 108 days and the oxygen consumption was 26·96 c.c. per embryo. 3. At 7 and 12° C. the efficiency of development was found to be identical with the value given by Gray for 11·5° C., viz. 63 per cent.; at 3°C. the average efficiency over the period considered was only 54 per cent. 4. It is suggested that, between the limits of temperature to which a trout egg is normally exposed, the effect of temperature on respiration is neither greater nor less than its effect on the growth-rate; possibly both processes are dependent on the same controlling factor. Above and below this range of temperature, the relative intensity of the respiratory processes (to those of growth) is increased, and a smaller embryo is the final result of incubation.

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