Enhancement by Glycerol of Phototrophic Growth of Marine Planktonic Algae and its Significance to the Ecology of Glycerol Pollution

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Y. Cheng ◽  
Naval J. Antia
Keyword(s):  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Trace Metal Ions ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Phototrophic Growth

The effects of low (0.05 M) and high (0.5–1.0 M) concentrations of glycerol on the growth of 18 species of marine phytoplankters belonging to 7 algal classes were studied. The algae were grown in axenic culture in sea water enriched with nitrate, orthophosphate, silicate, trace-metal ions, vitamin B12, thiamine, biotin, and buffered at pH 7.6–7.8. Apart from a chrysomonad (Prymnesium parvum) and a cryptomonad (Chroomonas salina), none of the species showed any significant growth on glycerol in the absence of light. However, in the presence of light, glycerol enhanced the growth of 16 species, in particular members of the Chrysophyceae and Cryptophyceae, one diatom (Phaeodactylum tricornutum), one rhodophyte (Porphyridium cruentum), and one chlorophyte (Nannochloris oculata). A high concentration of glycerol was required for inducing or asserting growth enhancement of certain species, but was equally effective as the low concentration or was inhibitory to other species. The enhancement effect was observed in the growth rate and in the peak population density, which in many instances was several times that from nonglycerinated cultures and suggested photoheterotrophic growth. Some species showed obvious cytological and metabolic changes from growth on glycerol. The ecological implications of glycerol pollution of sea water are discussed.

Comparative evaluation of certain organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen for phototrophic growth of marine microalgae

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Antia ◽  
B. R. Berland ◽  
D. J. Bonin ◽  
S. Y. Maestrini
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Nitrogen Compound ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Trace Metal Ions ◽  
Planktonic Algae ◽  
Fixed Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Silicate ◽  
Phototrophic Growth

Twenty-six species of marine planktonic algae, belonging to 8 taxonomic divisions, were tested tinder axenic-culture conditions for their capacity to grow, under cool-white light, on nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea, glycine, D-glucosamine or hypoxanthine as sole nitrogen source. The culture medium was composed of Mediterranean oligotrophic sea water enriched with phosphate, silicate, trace-metal ions and vitamins, and buffered at pH 7.5–80. Each nitrogen compound was tested at a fixed concentration of 500 μg-at. N per litre.

scholarly journals Studies on the growth of marine phytoplankton II. Isochrysis galbana Parke

1958 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M. Kain ◽  
G. E. Fogg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
General Study ◽  
Growth Requirements

A good deal is known about the growth in culture of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Nitzschia closterium W. Sm. forma minutissima Allen & Nelson) (see Spencer, 1954; Harvey, 1955; Provasoli, McLaughlin & Droop, 1957). This organism, however, is a somewhat aberrant member of the Chrysophyta, and other marine and brackish-water representatives of the group, e.g. Syracosphaera carterae Braarud & Fagerland (Braarud & Fagerland, 1946; Provasoli, McLaughlin & Pintner, 1954), Prymnesium parvum Carter (Reich & Kahn, 1954; Droop, 1954), and certain other species (Droop, 1954, 1955 a, b) have been studied much less intensively from this point of view. It has therefore seemed worth while making a general study, similar to that reported in the first paper of this series for the diatom Asterionella japonica Cleve & Müller ex Gran, of the growth requirements of a representative of the Chrysophyceae. Isochrysis galbana Parke, a flagellate of some importance as a food organism of the oyster, has been selected for this purpose. Johnston (1955) has used unialgal cultures of this species in studies of dissolved organic matter in sea water and, since the investigation being described was carried out, Droop (1957) has reported that it has a requirement for cobalamin.

MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION IN ENCLOSED COASTAL SEAS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keizo Negi ◽  
Keizo Negi ◽  
Takuya Ishikawa ◽  
Takuya Ishikawa ◽  
Kenichiro Iba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Tokyo Bay ◽  
View Point ◽  
High Concentration

Japan experienced serious water pollution during the period of high economic growth in 1960s. It was also the period that we had such damages to human health, fishery and living conditions due to red tide as much of chemicals, organic materials and the like flowing into the seas along the growing population and industries in the coastal areas. Notable in those days was the issues of environment conservation in the enclosed coastal seas where pollutants were prone to accumulate inside due to low level of water circulation, resulting in the issues including red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass. In responding to these issues, we implemented countermeasures like effluent control with the Water Pollution Control Law and improvement/expansion of sewage facilities. In the extensive enclosed coastal seas of Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, the three areas of high concentration of population, we implemented water quality total reduction in seven terms from 1979, reducing the total quantities of pollutant load of COD, TN and TP. Sea water quality hence has been on an improvement trend as a whole along the steady reduction of pollutants from the land. We however recognize that there are differences in improvement by sea area such as red tide and oxygen-deficient water mass continue to occur in some areas. Meanwhile, it has been pointed out that bio-diversity and bio-productivity should be secured through conservation/creation of tidal flats and seaweed beds in the view point of “Bountiful Sea” To work at these challenges, through the studies depending on the circumstances of the water environment in the enclosed coastal seas, we composed “The Policy of Desirable State of 8th TPLCS” in 2015. We have also added the sediment DO into the water quality standard related to the life-environmental items in view of the preservation of aquatic creatures in the enclosed water areas. Important from now on, along the Policy, is to proceed with necessary measures to improve water quality with good considerations of differences by area in the view point of “Beautiful and bountiful Sea”.

Extracellular carbohydrate liberation in the flagellates Isochrysis galbana and Prymnesium parvum

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. H. Marker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Nitrogen Starvation ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Prymnesium Parvum ◽  
Extracellular Production ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Passive Release ◽  
Dying Cells

The production of extracellular carbohydrate has been studied in Isochrysis galbana and Prymnesium parvum in axenic culture. Increased extracellular production of carbohydrate occurred at reduced and increased salinity, low light intensity and under conditions of nitrogen starvation in Isochrysis, and in some cases appeared to be associated with the sedimentation of the cells from stagnant culture. Extracellular carbohydrate production was found to be greatest during the early and later stages in growth and dropped to a minimum during the mid-growth phase. Experiments indicated that the cells were not being damaged during harvesting of the cultures. A close similarity was found between the monosaccharide components of the intra- and extracellular carbohydrate after acid hydrolysis; both contained glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and ribose. It is suggested that the production of most of the extracellular carbohydrate is due to the passive release of organic matter from dead or dying cells.

Propagation of electrical signals along giant nerve fibres

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (899) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Giant Axon ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Giant Fibre ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Small Fibre ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Good Conductor ◽  
Ionic Movement

In this part of the discussion we shall attempt to describe the way in which electrical signals are propagated along the giant nerve fibres of squids and cuttlefish. These fibres consist of cylinders of protoplasm, 0.2 to 0.6 mm in diameter, and ire bounded by a thin membrane which acts as a barrier to ionic movement. The protoplasm, or axoplasm as it is commonly called, is an aqueous gel which is a reasonably good conductor of electricity. It contains a high concentration of K + and a low concentration of Na + and Cl - , this situation being the reverse of that in the animal’s blood or sea water. Axons which are left in sea water slowly lose potassium and gain sodium. This process takes about 24 hours and is roughly 80 000 times slower than the diffusion of ions out of a cylinder of gelatin of the same size. The interchange of sodium and potassium is very greatly accelerated by stimulating the fibres. Experiments with tracers, such as those made by Keynes & Lewis (1951) or Rothenberg (1950), allow the interchange to be measured quantitatively, and there is general agreement that the impulse is associated with an entry of 3 to 4 µ µ mol of Na + through 1 cm 2 of membrane and an exit of a corresponding quantity of K + . These quantities are very small compared with the total number of ions inside the fibre. In the giant axon of the squid the quantity of potassium lost in each impulse corresponds to only about 1 millionth if the total internal potassium. One would therefore expect that a giant fibre should be able to carry a great many impulses without recharging its batteries by metabolism. On the other hand, a very small fibre such as a dendrite in the central nervous system should be much more dependent on metabolism since the ratio of surface to volume may be nearly 1000 times greater.

Motility and energy-rich phosphorus compounds in spermatozoa of Octopus dofleini martini

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1051) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
The North ◽  
Sperm Suspension ◽  
The North Pacific

The spermatozoa of the giant octopus of the North Pacific, freshly removed from spermatophores, showed very little motility, but on dilution with sea-water or 2.7 % NaCl, followed by dialysis against either of these two media, they became intensely motile and remained so for several days at 2 to 10 °C. At higher temperatures, particularly above 25 °C, octopus spermatozoa lost their motility rapidly. At 35 °C, complete and irreversible loss of motility occurred within less than 1 min. The motility of octopus spermatozoa at 2 to 10 °C persisted under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and did not require the presence of exogenous glycolysable sugar. The addition of spermatophoric plasma to a motile sperm suspension inhibited motility. Other inhibitors were sodium azide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol and ethylenediaminetetra-acetate, at 0.001 M concentrations. ATP, ADP and arginine phosphate have been identified and quantitatively measured in octopus spermatozoa. On prolonged incubation of motile sperm suspensions a t 3 °C, ATP and ADP did not decline appreciably, whilst arginine phosphate decreased considerably. The decrease was even more pronounced in sperm suspensions which had first been inactivated by short exposure to 35 °C, prior to prolonged incubation at 3 °C. Glycogen, the main carbohydrate store of octopus spermatozoa, remained at a high concentration even in sperm suspensions kept for 5 days at 3 °C, and there was no appreciable difference in that respect between a sample containing motile spermatozoa and one in which, at the outset of incubation, the spermatozoa were immobilized by heating to 35 °C.

The Environmental Relations of Vegetation Pattern on Chenier Beach Ridges on Bathurst Island, Northern Territory

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 275 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Fensham
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Vegetation Pattern ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Beach Ridges ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Environmental Relations ◽  
Monsoon Rainforest

Radiocarbon dates confirm a chronological sequence for late Holocene beach ridges at Wangiti Beach on Bathurst Island. The vegetation on these beach ridges can be clearly related to topography and distance from the sea. Monsoon rainforest occurs on the fore-dunes where the nutrient levels of the young sediments are relatively high. The mid-dunes support woodland dominated by Melalueca viridiflora and have nutrient-poor acid soils. Vegetation with a high component of monsoon rainforest species occupies the rear dunes, which have a high concentration of seawater macronutrient cations despite their older age than more seaward dunes. The relatively low elevation of the rear dunes supports the suggestion that soil nutrient levels are enriched by sea water or marine sediments during infrequent inundation events such as those during cyclones.

The role of support cells in the growth and differentiation of neurones in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia

1981 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
S. M. Schacher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Premature Release

During the late premetamorphic stages of development, the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia is surrounded by a group of support cells which later develop morphological properties characteristic of glial cells. These support cells contain large secretory granules whose contents are released primarily after the onset of the metamorphic phase. The release of the granule contents may signal the burst of neuronal growth and maturation that occurs following metamorphosis. The evidence supporting this idea is the following: (1) The release of the granule material after the onset of metamorphosis coincides with an increase in cell body growth and a more marked increase in the density of synapses within the neuropil. Both release and neuronal maturation can be blocked when metamorphosis is postponed by withholding the appropriate macroalgal substrate. (2) Premature release of the granule contents 2-3 weeks before metamorphosis with artificial sea water containing a high concentration of potassium results in an increase in cell body growth, density of synapses, and the number of spines formed and contacts received by specific identified cells. (3) Artificially inducing the release of the granule material in animals whose metamorphosis has been prevented (by withholding the appropriate substrate) still produces an increase in cell body growth and density of synapses. These results suggest that the release of material from support cell granules provides a general stimulus for neuronal differentiation including cell body growth, spine development, and synapse formation.

Growth responses of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici in defined media

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-492
Author(s):  
Hardev Singh ◽  
Inderjeet Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Puccinia Graminis Tritici ◽  
Defined Media

Aseptically produced uredospores of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici were seeded on defined liquid media containing Czapek's minerals, sucrose or glucose, and various combinations and concentrations of 19 amino acids and a tripeptide, glutathione. The cultures were incubated in the dark at 16–17 °C. A medium containing a high concentration of aspartic acid (5988 ppm), cysteine (557 ppm), and glutathione (1014 ppm) supported a profuse growth of the fungus in the form of floating white, fluffy, and vegetative colonies. A sulphur-containing amino acid appears to be essential for the axenic culture of the fungus.

scholarly journals ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF ASTERIAS EGGS

1936 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Cole ◽  
Robert H. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Surface Conductance ◽  
Electric Impedance ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
Asterias Forbesi ◽  
Current Resistance

The alternating current resistance and capacity of suspensions of unfertilized eggs of Asterias forbesi have been measured at frequencies from one thousand to sixteen million cycles per second. The plasma membrane of the egg has a static capacity of 1.10µf/cm.2 which is practically independent of frequency. The suspensions show a capacity dependent on frequency at low frequencies which may be attributable to surface conductance. The specific resistance of the cytoplasm is between 136 and 225 ohm cm. (4 to 7 times sea water), indicating a relatively high concentration of non-electrolytes. At frequencies above one million cycles there is definite evidence of another element of which the nucleus is presumably a part.

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