Influence of Temperature on Gaffkemia, a Bacterial Disease of the Lobster Homarus americanus

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2503-2510 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Stewart ◽  
John W. Cornick ◽  
B. M. Zwicker
Keyword(s):  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Mean Time

The mean time to death for lobsters (Homarus americanus) infected with Gaffkya homari and kept at constant temperatures was 2 days at 20 C, 12 days at 15 C, 28 days at 10 C, 65 days at 7 C, 84 days at 5 C, and 172 days at 3 C. The lobsters were unable to mobilize at any of these temperatures systemic defenses adequate to eliminate the pathogen. No deaths that could be attributed to infection with G. homari occurred during the 250-day trial at 1 C; the pathogen, however, was not eliminated at this temperature but remained in the lobsters at low levels with virulence unchanged and gave rise to a fatal infection when the temperature was increased. Further studies showed that infected lobsters were adversely affected by a relatively rapid increase of 10 degrees C but not by a 5-degree C increase; a relatively rapid decrease of 15 degrees C but not 10 degrees C was adverse. Infected lobsters at 15 C were most sensitive to a 5-degree C decrease around the 12th day of the infection.

Interaction of the Pathogen Gaffkya homari with Natural Defense Mechanisms of Homarus americanus

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Cornick ◽  
James E. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Dose Level ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Natural Defense ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Infection of the lobster Homarus americanus with the bacterium Gaffkya homari invariably proved fatal. Very small numbers of this pathogen introduced into the hemolymph resulted in septicemia and death, i.e., a dose level as low as approximately five bacteria per lobster at a temperature of 15 C was sufficient to kill 90% of the lobsters in 17 days. The mean time to death was virtually constant, regardless of the dose, indicating a general lack of host defense against G. homari.Investigation of the interaction of G. homari with the defense factors apparent in lobster hemolymph (bactericidal, agglutinin, and phagocytic activities) helped to account for its pathogenicity. Gaffkya homari was unique among the microorganisms tested in that (1) it was resistant to the agglutinin (s); (2) its growth was stimulated by the hemolymph serum rather than inhibited or unaffected; (3) although it was phagocytized, the bacterium could overcome this effect and multiply in the hemolymph.

Retrospective analysis of mortality within 30 days of systemic anticancer therapy and comparison with a previous audit at an Australian Regional Cancer Centre

2021 ◽  
pp. 107815522110160
Author(s):  
Bernadatte Zimbwa ◽  
Peter J Gilbar ◽  
Mark R Davis ◽  
Srinivas Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan
Keyword(s):  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Feedback Process ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Cancer Centre ◽  
Haematology Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Regional Cancer Centre ◽  
Mean Time

Purpose To retrospectively determine the rate of death occurring within 14 and 30 days of systemic anticancer therapy (SACT), compare this against a previous audit and benchmark results against other cancer centres. Secondly, to determine if the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), not available at the time of the initial audit, impacted mortality rates. Method All adult solid tumour and haematology patients receiving SACT at an Australian Regional Cancer Centre (RCC) between January 2016 and July 2020 were included. Results Over a 55-month period, 1709 patients received SACT. Patients dying within 14 and 30 days of SACT were 3.3% and 7.0% respectively and is slightly higher than our previous study which was 1.89% and 5.6%. Mean time to death was 15.5 days. Males accounted for 63.9% of patients and the mean age was 66.8 years. 46.2% of the 119 patients dying in the 30 days post SACT started a new line of treatment during that time. Of 98 patients receiving ICI, 22.5% died within 30 days of commencement. Disease progression was the most common cause of death (79%). The most common place of death was the RCC (38.7%). Conclusion The rate of death observed in our re-audit compares favourably with our previous audit and is still at the lower end of that seen in published studies in Australia and internationally. Cases of patients dying within 30 days of SACT should be regularly reviewed to maintain awareness of this benchmark of quality assurance and provide a feedback process for clinicians.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fracture 30-day mortality

Trauma ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146040862094972
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fadulelmola ◽  
Rob Gregory ◽  
Gavin Gordon ◽  
Fiona Smith ◽  
Andrew Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

Introduction: A novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a fatal global pandemic which particularly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities. Hip fractures affect elderly populations, necessitate hospital admissions and place this group at particular risk from COVID-19 infection. This study investigates the effect of COVID-19 infection on 30-day hip fracture mortality. Method: Data related to 75 adult hip fractures admitted to two units during March and April 2020 were reviewed. The mean age was 83.5 years (range 65–98 years), and most (53, 70.7%) were women. The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. Results: The COVID-19 infection rate was 26.7% (20 patients), with a significant difference in the 30-day mortality rate in the COVID-19-positive group (10/20, 50%) compared to the COVID-19-negative group (4/55, 7.3%), with mean time to death of 19.8 days (95% confidence interval: 17.0–22.5). The mean time from admission to surgery was 43.1 h and 38.3 h, in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative groups, respectively. All COVID-19-positive patients had shown symptoms of fever and cough, and all 10 cases who died were hypoxic. Seven (35%) cases had radiological lung findings consistent of viral pneumonitis which resulted in mortality (70% of mortality). 30% ( n = 6) contracted the COVID-19 infection in the community, and 70% ( n = 14) developed symptoms after hospital admission. Conclusion: Hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection have a high 30-day mortality. COVID-19 testing and chest X-ray for patients presenting with hip fractures help in early planning of high-risk surgeries and allow counselling of the patients and family using realistic prognosis.

Influence of Temperature on the Ovipositional Biology of the Redbanded Leafroller and Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
G. C. Rock ◽  
R. E. Stinner
Keyword(s):  
Argyrotaenia Velutinana ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Redbanded Leafroller ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Platynota Idaeusalis ◽  
Tufted Apple Bud Moth ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Mean

Effects of constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C on the preoviposition period and the effects of a constant 25°C on oviposition, fecundity, and longevity of the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were investigated. Oviposition did not occur at 35°C for either species and only the redbanded leafroller oviposited at 10°C. The threshold for oviposition for RBLR was calculated to be 8.7°C with 29.4 DD necessary for oviposition, while the oviposition threshold for TABM was calculated to be 10.5°C with 33.5 DD needed for oviposition. The mean oviposition periods for the two species did not differ; however, tufted apple bud moth longevity was significantly greater at 25°C. Fecundity was greater for the tufted apple bud moth (301 eggs/female) than for the redbanded leafroller (221 eggs/female).

scholarly journals THE RESISTANCE OF DROSOPHILA TO ALCOHOL

1936 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Crozier ◽  
G. Pincus ◽  
P. A. Zahl
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Variation ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Alcohol Vapor ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Periodic Fluctuations ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Measurable Property ◽  
Uniform Population

The mean time-to-death (t) of imaginal Drosophila of an inbred line in alcohol vapor of constant partial pressure (P) is a declining rectilinear function of P for each age. The time-to-death depends upon the diffusion into the fly of an amount of alcohol sufficient to kill. It does not depend upon any measurable property of a reaction between the substance of the fly and the alcohol which produces death. The relation between t and P is independent of temperature, but the invasion coefficient S = Δt/ΔP declines with age and differs for the two sexes. The first derivative of S with respect to age exhibits sharp discontinuities. The internal alcohol required to kill declines with age, varying with S. The relative variation of t, σt/t, is directly proportional to the resistance to diffusive penetration of alcohol R, where R = 1/S. The vapor pressure of alcohol estimated to kill instantaneously shows periodic fluctuations with age; these are precisely correlated with changes in the slope of S as a function of age. Periodic fluctuations of invasibility by alcohol, and of the lethal dose, are interpreted as due to the incidence of suppressed moults. It is shown that in the accumulation of deaths as a function of time (age) in a genetically uniform population of Drosophila of one sex, similar fluctuations are apparent in the rate. The statistical smoothing of such data is not legitimate.

scholarly journals VI. The specific heats of metals and the relation of specific heat to atomic weight.—Part III

1904 ◽  
Vol 203 (359-371) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Weight Part ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One

The law of Neumann assumes that when an atom enters into chemical combination it retains the same capacity for heat as when in the uncombined or elemental state. This generalisation is, however, based on the values observed for the mean specific heats of elements and their compounds between 0° and 100° C. Attention was directed in Part II. of this investigation to the great differences found in the influence of temperature on the specific heats of various metals, such as aluminium on the one hand, and silver or platinum on the other. The experiments now about to be described were undertaken with the object of ascertaining to what extent these differences persist in the compounds of such elements.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Concentrations of Airborne Conidia of Oidium sp. Among Poinsettias in a Greenhouse

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1089-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Byrne ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck ◽  
B. D. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Airborne Conidia ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

Atmospheric concentrations of Oidium sp. conidia in two research greenhouses containing infected poinsettias were monitored to investigate the role of environment in prompting conidial release and dissemination. Hourly concentrations of conidia of Oidium sp. were estimated using a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. The influence of temperature on disease development was studied by placing healthy poinsettias in each greenhouse for 7-day periods, removing them, and recording the days to the appearance of the first colony. When averaged over 5 December to 1 June, atmospheric conidial concentrations in greenhouse (GH) 2 were greatest during 1000 to 1800 hours with a peak (325 conidia/m3/h) occurring at 1200 hours. In GH 11, peak concentrations occurred at 1300 hours (65 conidia/m3/h) and 1600 hours (75 conidia/m3/h). Large numbers of conidia were sampled (≥100/m3) within 1-h periods, indicating conidial release events (CREs). Fluctuations in relative humidity (RH) (either positive or negative) prompted CREs. In both greenhouses, the highest number of CREs (up to 23) occurred following RH fluctuations of 5 to 15%. Watering resulted in an immediate increase (≤25%) followed by a rapid decrease in RH (≤32%) beginning 1 to 2 h later. In GH 2 and GH 11, 89 and 48%, respectively, of the CREs occurred within 3 h following greenhouse watering. When greenhouse temperatures exceeded 25°C for 21 days in May (GH 2) and 19 days in March (GH 11), atmospheric conidial concentrations were reduced 80 and 75% from the previous months, respectively.

scholarly journals Bio-Insecticidal Potential of Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Granulovirus Mixtures to Control the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola E. Cuartas-Otálora ◽  
Juliana A. Gómez-Valderrama ◽  
Andrea E. Ramos ◽  
Gloria P. Barrera-Cubillos ◽  
Laura F. Villamizar-Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Peritrophic Membrane ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The ability of the isolate VG008 of S. frugiperda granulovirus (SpfrGV) to enhance the infectivity of the isolate SfCOL of S. frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpfrMNPV) was evaluated on S. frugiperda larvae. Bioassays were performed with mixtures by using different proportions 90%:10% (M1), 95%:5% (M2) and 97.5%:2.5% (M3) of SfCOL:VG008, respectively. All mixtures showed higher insecticidal activity that SfCOL. The mixture M3 showed the highest enhancement of SfCOL reducing 11.40 times the Mean Lethal Concentration and 96 h in the Mean Time to Death. The enhancer activity of proteins derived from VG008 (GVPs) were also evaluated in mixture with SfCOL. The GVPs increased 27% larval mortality caused by SfCOL and damaged the peritrophic membrane of S. litura larvae, suggesting that the key point in this enhancing activity is the initial step of the larva colonization, the midgut infection. M3 was formulated and evaluated under greenhouse conditions in maize plants using different doses. The highest efficacy was obtained with the highest dose of M3 (8 × 1011 OBs/ha), which was similar to that found when formulated SfCOL was applied using an approximately twofold higher dose. The viral mixture M3 was selected as the active ingredient for developing a new biopesticide for a more efficient management of the pest in the field.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Spanish Cohort of CKD-5D Patients: Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, Outcomes, and De-Isolation Results

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
José Jesús Broseta ◽  
Diana Rodríguez-Espinosa ◽  
Elena Cuadrado ◽  
Elena Guillén-Olmos ◽  
Evelyn Hermida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Resources ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Discharged Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that has easily spread worldwide. Outpatient maintenance hemodialysis seems to entail an increased risk of contagion, and previous reports inform of increased mortality among this population. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory parameters, outcomes, and management once discharged of CKD-5D patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 from our health area. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Out of the 429 CKD-5D population, 36 were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (8%): 34 on in-center hemodialysis and 2 on peritoneal dialysis. Five were asymptomatic. The most common symptom was fever (70%), followed by dyspnea and cough. History of cardiovascular disease and elevation of LDH and C-reactive protein during admission were associated with higher mortality. Thirteen patients died (36%), 8 patients were admitted to an ICU, and survival was low (38%) among the latter. The mean time to death was 12 days. Most discharged patients got negative rRT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs within 26 days of diagnosis. However, there is a portion of cured patients that continue to have positive results even more than 2 months after the initial presentation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Patients on dialysis have an increased mortality risk if infected with SARS-CoV-2. Preventive measures have proven useful. Thus, proper ones, such as universal screening of the population and isolation when required, need to be generalized. Better de-isolation criteria are necessary to ensure an appropriate use of public health resources.

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