Composition of Phytoplankton in Surface Waters of Lake Ontario

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1715-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nalewajko
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Asterionella Formosa ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Inshore Waters

Stephanodiscus tenuis Hust., Melosira islandica O. Müll., and Diatoma elongatum (Lyngb.) Ag., on a cell volume basis, were the three most important species from January 1964 to July 1965 in the surface water of Lake Ontario near Gibraltar Point.Stephanodiscus tenuis was by far the most abundant species. It was present during most of the year and accounted for about 87% of the total number of algae present during the spring outbursts.In more central areas of the lake Melosira islandica and Asterionella formosa Hass. replaced Stephanodiscus tenuis as the most important species.On the basis of the major phytoplankton species present the central area of Lake Ontario appears to be oligotrophic. High numbers of Stephanodiscus tenuis in inshore waters may be indicative of a more eutrophic environment.

Off-Flavors in Surface Waters - How Efficient is Bank Filtration for their Abatement in Drinking Water?

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chorus ◽  
G. Klein ◽  
J. Fastner ◽  
W. Rotard
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Seasonal Succession ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Off Flavors

Surface water and bank filtrate were studied from three Berlin lakes of different trophic states, two of which are being restored by phosphate elimination at their main inflow. Surface water showed time patterns of nor-carotinoids, aldehydes, alkanes and octatriene-isomers, which in most cases can clearly be attributed to specific phytoplankton populations. The variety of substances produced by algae was highest in the mesotrophic lake, because as compared to its previous hypertrophic state, restoration has caused an increase in phytoplankton species diversity as well as a more rapid seasonal succession of species. Contrary to expectations, serious odor problems occurred only at this lake, due to Chrysophyceae not found in hypertrophic waters. Therefore it is concluded that further reduction of phosphate concentrations is necessary, if not only the blue-green algae, but also the the Chrysophyte populations are to be reduced below nuisance levels. However, for the purpose of gaining drinking water from surface water, slow bank filtration showed to be an effective measure for the elimination of terpenoids, ocatrienes and alkane molecules larger that dodecane; therefore it can be recomended as a treatment against odor problems in drinking water gained from surface waters.

Groundwater protection and diffuse nitrogen emissions to surface waters – which catchment areas have to be considered?

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
C. Schilling ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
A.P. Blaschke ◽  
D. Gutknecht ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Catchment Areas

Two Austrian case study regions within the Danube basin have been selected for detailed investigations of groundwater and surface water quality at the catchment scale. Water balance calculations have been performed using the conceptual continuous time SWAT 2000 model to characterise catchment hydrology and to identify individual runoff components contributing to river discharge. Nitrogen emission calculations have been performed using the empirical emission model MONERIS to relate individual runoff components to specific nitrogen emissions and for the quantification of total nitrogen emissions to surface waters. Calculated total nitrogen emissions to surface waters using the MONERIS model were significantly influenced by hydrological conditions. For both catchments the groundwater could be identified as major emission pathway of nitrogen emissions to the surface waters. Since most of the nitrogen is emitted by groundwater to the surface water, denitrification in groundwater is of considerable importance reducing nitrogen levels in groundwater along the flow path towards the surface water. An approach was adopted for the grid-oriented estimation of diffuse nitrogen emissions based on calculated groundwater residence time distributions. Denitrification in groundwater was considered using a half life time approach. It could be shown that more than 90% of the total diffuse nitrogen emissions were contributed by areas with low groundwater residence times and short distances to the surface water. Thus, managing diffuse nitrogen emissions the location of catchment areas has to be considered as well as hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, which significantly influence denitrification in the groundwater and reduce nitrogen levels in groundwater on the flow path towards the surface water.

scholarly journals Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by Atlantic waters and Siberian rivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Yakushev ◽  
Anna Gebruk ◽  
Alexander Osadchiev ◽  
Svetlana Pakhomova ◽  
Amy Lusher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Siberian River ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Atlantic Origin ◽  
Type Size

AbstractPlastic pollution is globally recognised as a threat to marine ecosystems, habitats, and wildlife, and it has now reached remote locations such as the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic is particularly underreported. Here we present analyses of 60 subsurface pump water samples and 48 surface neuston net samples from the Eurasian Arctic with the goal to quantify and classify microplastics in relation to oceanographic conditions. In our study area, we found on average 0.004 items of microplastics per m3 in the surface samples, and 0.8 items per m3 in the subsurface samples. Microplastic characteristics differ significantly between Atlantic surface water, Polar surface water and discharge plumes of the Great Siberian Rivers, allowing identification of two sources of microplastic pollution (p < 0.05 for surface area, morphology, and polymer types). The highest weight concentration of microplastics was observed within surface waters of Atlantic origin. Siberian river discharge was identified as the second largest source. We conclude that these water masses govern the distribution of microplastics in the Eurasian Arctic. The microplastics properties (i.e. abundance, polymer type, size, weight concentrations) can be used for identification of the water masses.

Nitrogen Transformations in Lake Ontario

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2133-2143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. S. Lean ◽  
R. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Ammonium Uptake ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Size Fractionation ◽  
Nitrate Losses ◽  
Zooplankton Excretion ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Chemoautotrophic Bacteria

Concentrations of ammonium plus nitrite in Lake Ontario were highly correlated with ammonium regeneration from zooplankton excretion (r = 0.966), inferring that elevated nitrite concentrations result from nitrification. Nitrapyrin-sensitive dark 14C-labeled bicarbonate assays confirmed high rates of nitrification by chemoautotrophic bacteria. 15N-labeled nitrate experiments showed that nitrate, not ammonium, was the principal form of N used for total microbial protein synthesis. Size fractionation experiments also suggested that small cells were responsible for most of the ammonium uptake, while large cells used mostly nitrate. Nitrate depletion in the surface waters during summer stratification resulted from movement to particulate N, nitrite, and ammonium as well as losses in particulate N due to sedimentation. At least one third, however, was unaccounted for (i.e. 30 mg N∙m−2∙d−1) and may have been converted to protein which would move up the food chain to larger organisms (e.g. fish) not sampled during conventional water chemistry. Nitrous oxide profiles showed that nitrate losses through denitrification are unlikely to occur. Consequently, unless nitrate loading to Lake Ontario is reduced, nitrate concentrations should be expected to continue to increase.

scholarly journals Practical strategies for identifying groundwater discharges into sediment and surface water with fiber optic temperature measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1772-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Selker ◽  
Frank Selker ◽  
Julie Huff ◽  
Russ Short ◽  
Deborah Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Fiber Optic Temperature

Identifying or ruling out groundwater discharges into sediment and surface waters is often critical for evaluating impacts and for planning remedial actions.

scholarly journals Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke H. Jones ◽  
Julie Brassard ◽  
Edward Topp ◽  
Graham Wilkes ◽  
David R. Lapen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

ABSTRACT From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml−1, respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of >142 PFU · 100 ml−1 delineated conditions when ∼95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment. IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.

scholarly journals Geochemistry of intertidal sediment pore waters from the industrialized Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System, SE Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winston F.O. Gonçalves ◽  
Wanilson Luiz-Silva ◽  
Wilson Machado ◽  
Erico C. Nizoli ◽  
Ricardo E. Santelli
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Intertidal Sediment ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Pore Waters ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Se Brazil

The geochemical composition of sediment pore water was investigated in comparison with the composition of sediment particles and surface water in an estuary within one of the most industrialized areas in Latin America (Santos-Cubatão estuarine system, SE Brazil). Pore and surface waters presented anomalously high levels of F-, NH4+, Fe, Mn and P due to two industrial point sources. In the summer, when SO4(2-)/Cl- ratios suggested an enhanced sulfate reduction, the higher dissolved levels observed in pore waters for some metals (e.g., Cu and Ni) were attributed to reductive dissolution of oxidized phases. Results evidenced that the risks of surface water concentration increase due to diffusion or advection from pore water are probably dependent on coupled influences of tidal pumping and groundwater inputs.

scholarly journals Fast UHPLC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Determination of Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Fluoxetine and Sotalol in Surface Water Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8316
Author(s):  
Mira Azzi ◽  
Sylvain Ravier ◽  
Assem Elkak ◽  
Bruno Coulomb ◽  
Jean-Luc Boudenne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry

Chromatographic development for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental water samples is particularly challenging when the analytes have significantly different physico-chemical properties (solubility, polarity, pKa) often requiring multiple chromatographic methods for each active component. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of azithromycin, erythromycin (antibiotics), fluoxetine (anti-depressant) and sotalol (b-blocker) in surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These pharmaceuticals—presenting a broad spectrum of polarity (0.24 ≤ log Kow ≤ 4.05)—were separated on a C-18 analytical column, after a simple filtration step for freshwater samples or after a liquid–liquid extraction with Methyl-tertio-butyl ether (MTBE) for seawater samples. The optimized separation method (in terms of nature of column and eluent, elution gradient, and of mass spectrometric parameters), enable one to reach limits of detection ranging between 2 and 7 ng L−1 and limits of quantification between 7 and 23 ng L−1 for the four targeted molecules, within a three minute run. This method was validated using samples collected from three different surface waters in Lebanon (freshwater and seawater) and analytical results were compared with those obtained in surface waters sampled in a French river, equivalent in terms of human activities. Using this method, we report the highest concentration of pharmaceuticals found in surface water (up to 377 ng L−1 and 268 ng L−1, respectively, for azithromycin and erythromycin, in the Litani river, Lebanon).

Peculiarities of Interaction of Underground and Surface Water in Zones of Disjunctive Tectonic Faults (on the Example of Eastern Donbass)

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Grigory Yu. Sklyarenko ◽  
Vladimir E. Zakrutkin ◽  
Eugeny V. Gibkov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Mine Waters ◽  
Tectonic Faults ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Network Studies ◽  
Fault Displacement

Eastern Donbass, where coal has been mined for over a century, has become a natural-technogenic system (NTS), affecting all components of the natural environment. Among the elements most affected by it are groundwater and surface water exposed to mine waters. The state of the NTS is due to the interaction of technogenic and natural factors such as the geological structure of the territory. For many years, the environmental assessment has taken into account the organized discharge of mine water. At the same time, this region is characterized by widespread development of disjunctive tectonic faults. The hypothesis seems logical that not only the treatment facilities of closed coal mining enterprises, but the faults and associated fracture zones are channels for the drainage of mine water and deep highly mineralized solutions to the surface, where they are unloaded into the river network. Studies carried out in one of the promising areas, where drainage of groundwater takes place through fractured rocks developed along the fault displacement fault, showed their significant impact on the composition of the surface waters of the river Small Nesvetay. Taking into account the very complex tectonics of the Eastern Donbass, it would be logical to assume a similar influence of other numerous disjunctive structures. Their study will contribute to a comprehensive assessment of the region&#x27;s environment and the adoption of management decisions, and the development of effective measures for water purification and stabilization of the ecological and social situation in the region.

scholarly journals Properties, processes and regimes of soil solutions and surface waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 12022
Author(s):  
Guriyat Podvolotskaya ◽  
Sergey Belopukhov ◽  
Vitaly Savich ◽  
Andrey Sorokin ◽  
Nikolay Tyutrin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Different Soils

Soil solutions and the surface waters are characterized by properties, processes and regimes. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface water have different biological activity and change the activity of dissolved stimulants and inhibitors. The object of the study are soil solutions of the main types of soils obtained in the model experiments with the ratio of soils: water equal to 1:1 and 1: 2, soil solutions and surface water in the flooding of soils with water for 1 week – 3 months. The research method consisted in the assessment of pH, Eh, activity of K, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg by conventional methods, assessment of concentrations of water-soluble compounds extracted from soils by ionite membranes, in the assessment of biological activity of solutions using biotests. The following is suggested for additional evaluation: the using of cation and anion membranes, determination of interrelation between the properties of waters, equation of pair correlation and multiply regression. The informative value of the gradient of surface water concentrations at different distances from the floor of the reservoir, at different depths of the overwatered soils is shown. The mobility of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn in soils and the content of their water-soluble forms depends on both pH and Eh, whose influence on the content of water-soluble forms of the considered cations shows the effects of synergy and antagonism. The rate of change in the composition of soil solutions during soil flooding depends on a combination of soil properties, temperature, and duration of flooding. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface waters have differentrates.

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