Dispersion of Kraft-Mill Effluent from a Submarine Diffuser in Stuart Channel, British Columbia

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1289-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Waldichuk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Estuarine Region

Stuart Channel is a stratified, estuarine region typical of British Columbia coastal "inside" waters. Tidal currents are mostly less than 1 kt at all depths, and set to the northwest on the flood and southeast on the ebb, along the axis of the channel. Effluent released by a submarine diffuser, from the kraft pulp mill at Crofton, mixes in a ratio of about 1:22 with sea water as it rises to the surface. The entrainment of cold, saline water in the ascent gives the effluent–sea water mixture at the "boil" above the diffuser a density usually greater than that of surface sea water. Therefore, the mixture generally sinks and spreads in a thin sheet at a depth between 3 and 10 m. Non-tidal currents at the surface and at 9–10 m depth could be expected to give the effluent present in these layers a net displacement seaward through Sansum Narrows. Effluent at a depth of 4–5 m would receive a net transport in the opposite direction (northwest) and could be expected to be retained in the channel much longer.

Marine fungi isolated from a Kraft pulp mill outfall area

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Churchand ◽  
M. McClaren
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Marine Fungi ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Sample Site ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Fungi Imperfecti

Wood- and leaf-inhabiting marine fungi were collected from two depths near the effluent outlets of a Kraft pulp mill in Howe Sound, British Columbia. Other sites which were not directly affected by pulp mill effluents were also sampled. All groups of fungi grew poorly on baits which rested on the bottom at the mill. At a depth of 30 cm, Phycomycetes were isolated as frequently from the mill as from control sites. Of the Fungi Imperfecti, Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones was isolated more frequently from the mill than from control sites; Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou was isolated less frequently from the mill than from control sites. Phialophora fastigiata (Lagerb. & Melin) Conant was isolated exclusively from the pulp mill station. Ascomycetes were rarely found on panels submerged at the pulp mill.Hydrographic measurements showed that water temperature at the mill sample site was not affected by the effluent. Salinity and pH were generally lower at the pulp mill than at the control site, and may have been partially responsible for the observed distributional differences.

Some Effects of Kraft Mill Effluent on Young Pacific Salmon

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Oxygen Requirements

Sockeye salmon underyearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to various concentrations of full-bleach kraft mill effluent under experimental conditions simulating those anticipated in the estuary of the Somass River at the head of Alberni Inlet, B.C. An anticipated expanded production of a kraft pulp mill discharging effluent into this area was regarded as a potential source of pollution which could influence survival of young salmon migrating into and through the estuary. A 4.8% concentration of effluent by volume in sea-water of 20‰ salinity at 17.8 °C. was a limiting concentration for toxicity, below which survival was complete and independent of length of exposure. However, when oxygen requirements for respiration were considered and were compared with net oxygen availability after effluent oxidation in the area, the interaction of toxicity of the effluent and lowered oxygen availability suggests that the limiting concentration of effluent in this particular case be lowered from 4.8 to 2.5% effluent.

Industrial Hygiene Aspects of a Sampling Survey at a Bleached-Kraft Pulp Mill in British Columbia

AIHAJ ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 694-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Astrakianakis ◽  
Laurence Svirchev ◽  
Clement Tang ◽  
Robert Janssen ◽  
Judith Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Industrial Hygiene ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Sampling Survey

Formation and degradation of mutagens in kraft pulp mill water systems

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Smeds ◽  
Bjarne Holmbom ◽  
Åbo Akademi ◽  
Leena Tikkanen
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill

Occurrence of Various Off-Flavours in Fish in Finland from 1969 to 1981

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kuusi ◽  
M Suihko
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Technical Research ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Numerical Scale

Off-flavours in fish were studied from 1969 to 1981 at the Food Research Laboratory of the Technical Research Centre of Finland using sensory methods. In all, 1982 samples of 18 species of Finnish fish, most of them suspected of being tainted, were studied. A trained taste panel scoring on a numerical scale of 0-10, where a score of 5 or less was unacceptable, was used. The off-flavours described were oil, kraft pulp mill effluent, sewage (musty), muddy, rancid, and others. Of all these samples, 34.9% were unacceptable. The most common off-flavour was kraft pulp mill effluent, present in 41.2 % of the unacceptable samples. In acceptable fish slight off-flavours were somet imes found. Of the muddy fish, only 35.2 % of the bream and 28.8 % of the northern pike were unacceptable. The panel was able to discriminate between the different off-flavours, but, in some cases, the boundaries were vague.

Characterization of odorous compounds from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Brownlee ◽  
S. L. Kenefick ◽  
G. A. MacInnis ◽  
S. E. Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Methyl Phenyl Sulfide ◽  
Library Spectrum

Odour compounds in extracts of bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) have been characterized by olfactory gas chromatography (OGC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A variety of sulfury odours was detected by OGC in addition to woody and pulp mill-like odours. Three sulfur compounds were identified by comparison of retention times and partial mass spectra with authentic standards: dimethyl disulfide, 3-methylthiophene and thioanisole (methyl phenyl sulfide). Typical concentrations in BKME were 1, 0.05, and 0.5 μg/l, respectively. Their odour intensity is relatively low and they were not detected by OGC. Dimethyl trisulfide was tentatively identified by comparison of its partial mass spectrum with a literature (library) spectrum. Its concentration in BKME was estimated at 0.5-2 μg/l. It corresponded to a skunky odour in the OGC profiles. Efforts to identify another odour peak, eluting just after 3-methylthiophene, with a pronounced alkyl sulfide odour were unsuccessful.

Growth responses of periphyton and chironomids exposed to biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Dubé ◽  
J. M. Culp
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations

Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to determine the effects of increasing concentrations of biologically treated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKPME) on periphyton and chironomid growth in the Thompson River, British Columbia. Periphyton growth, as determined by increases in chlorophyll a, was significantly stimulated at all effluent concentrations tested (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and, 10.0%). Chironomid growth (individual weight) was also significantly stimulated at low effluent concentrations (≤1.0%). At higher concentrations (5.0% and 10.0%), chironomid growth was inhibited relative to the 1.0% treatment streams. Increases in growth were attributed to the effects of nutrient and organic enrichment from BKPME. The effluent contained high concentrations of phosphorus and appears to be an important source of carbon for benthic insects grazing on the biofilm. In high concentration effluent streams, chironomid growth decreased despite low levels of typical pulp mill contaminants. This suggests that other compounds in the effluent, such as wood extractives, may be inhibiting chironomid growth. These results support findings of field monitoring studies conducted in the Thompson River where changes in periphyton and chironomid abundance occurred downstream of the bleached kraft pulp mill.

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