Some Effects of Kraft Mill Effluent on Young Pacific Salmon

1957 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Oxygen Requirements

Sockeye salmon underyearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to various concentrations of full-bleach kraft mill effluent under experimental conditions simulating those anticipated in the estuary of the Somass River at the head of Alberni Inlet, B.C. An anticipated expanded production of a kraft pulp mill discharging effluent into this area was regarded as a potential source of pollution which could influence survival of young salmon migrating into and through the estuary. A 4.8% concentration of effluent by volume in sea-water of 20‰ salinity at 17.8 °C. was a limiting concentration for toxicity, below which survival was complete and independent of length of exposure. However, when oxygen requirements for respiration were considered and were compared with net oxygen availability after effluent oxidation in the area, the interaction of toxicity of the effluent and lowered oxygen availability suggests that the limiting concentration of effluent in this particular case be lowered from 4.8 to 2.5% effluent.

Reproductive Dysfunction and MFO Activity in Three Species of Fish Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent at Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Munkittrick ◽  
G.J. Van Der Kraak ◽  
M.E. McMaster ◽  
C.B. Portt
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Reproductive Dysfunction ◽  
Reproductive Regulation ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Longnose Sucker ◽  
Mixed Function Oxygenase

Abstract Our recent studies have demonstrated reproductive dysfunction in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), longnose sucker (C. catostomus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) populations exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME). Although all three species show elevated levels of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) activity and depressed circulating steroid levels, we have been unable to provide clear evidence of whether these two events are directly linked to whole organism changes. Although depressed steroid levels appear to be linked to delayed sexual maturity, changes in fecundity and reduced secondary sexual characteristics in white sucker and lake whitefish, longnose sucker show no impacts of reduced steroid levels on reproductive performance. Installation of secondary treatment at this pulp mill did not alleviate the steroidal dysfunction or MFO induction. However, samples collected after a two week maintenance shutdown showed a return to reference levels of MFO activity in both sexes and of steroid levels in male fish. The relationship between elevated MFO activity and depressed steroid levels is unclear, but detailed experiments suggest that the two phenomena are not directly linked. White sucker show depressed steroid production and impaired reproductive regulation independent of MFO activity.

Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Monitoring Pulp Mill Effluents: a Preliminary Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Rohr ◽  
E.R. Hall ◽  
K.J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
Polymeric Membrane ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane Devices ◽  
Aquatic Pollutants ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Kraft Mill

Abstract The application of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to the monitoring of pulp mill effluents is described. SPMDs are comprised of triolein, a neutral lipid, enclosed by a low-density polymeric membrane, which together will concentrate hydrophobic aquatic pollutants. SPMDs were exposed under laboratory conditions to aqueous solutions of three model compounds with fish tainting propensity that are often found in kraft mill effluent. The model compounds were sequestered to varying extents by SPMDs during the laboratory exposures. A polar compound (guaiacol) did not appear to be amenable to monitoring by SPMDs. Static and continuous flow exposures to unbleached kraft mill effluent were also carried out, and many compounds were subsequently identified in the dialysates of exposed SPMDs. The uptake of these compounds was affected by the extent of biological treatment applied to the sample, the use of aeration during SPMD exposure, the wastewater concentration, and the exposure time. SPMDs were shown to be effective in sequestering candidate fish tainting compounds, thereby indicating their potential for application to aquatic off-flavour problems such as tainting of eulachon.

Changes in Maturity, Plasma Sex Steroid Levels, Hepatic Mixed-Function Oxygenase Activity, and the Presence of External Lesions in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1560-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Munkittrick ◽  
M. E. McMaster ◽  
C. B. Portt ◽  
G. J. Van Der Kraak ◽  
I. R. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill ◽  
Mixed Function Oxygenase

Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) exposed to primary treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) had reduced gonadal development and increased liver size relative to two reference populations. These results parallel our previous work on the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to BKME at the same Lake Superior site. More detailed studies conducted in 1990, after the installation of an aeration stabilization basin at the pulp mill, found that lake whitefish exhibited reduced gonad sizes, delayed age to maturation, decreased levels of the plasma sex steroids testosterone and 17β-estradiol, and elevated hepatic mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) activity. Liver size was smaller following operation of the secondary treatment system. More than 20% of the lake whitefish collected at the BKME site in 1990 exhibited lateral, slash-like lesions which penetrated the body cavity. Histological examination revealed no evidence of an infectious etiology, and the wounds could not be accounted for by known causes. Similar lesions were found in 1991 near a second BKME discharge.

Dispersion of Kraft-Mill Effluent from a Submarine Diffuser in Stuart Channel, British Columbia

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1289-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Waldichuk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Estuarine Region

Stuart Channel is a stratified, estuarine region typical of British Columbia coastal "inside" waters. Tidal currents are mostly less than 1 kt at all depths, and set to the northwest on the flood and southeast on the ebb, along the axis of the channel. Effluent released by a submarine diffuser, from the kraft pulp mill at Crofton, mixes in a ratio of about 1:22 with sea water as it rises to the surface. The entrainment of cold, saline water in the ascent gives the effluent–sea water mixture at the "boil" above the diffuser a density usually greater than that of surface sea water. Therefore, the mixture generally sinks and spreads in a thin sheet at a depth between 3 and 10 m. Non-tidal currents at the surface and at 9–10 m depth could be expected to give the effluent present in these layers a net displacement seaward through Sansum Narrows. Effluent at a depth of 4–5 m would receive a net transport in the opposite direction (northwest) and could be expected to be retained in the channel much longer.

Responses in a Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Lifecycle Test and in Wild White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni) Exposed to a Canadian Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne L. Parrott ◽  
L. Mark Hewitt ◽  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Deborah L. MacLatchy ◽  
Pierre H. Martel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fish Reproduction ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Abstract To evaluate currently available bioassays for their use in investigating the causes of pulp and paper mill effluent effects on fish reproduction, the responses of wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected from the receiving environment at the bleached kraft mill at La Tuque, Quebec, were compared with responses of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to effluent in a laboratory lifecycle test. White sucker collected at effluent exposed sites had increased liver size but none of the reproductive effects that had been documented in earlier field studies at this site. Exposure to 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100% bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) in the lab led to significantly decreased length, but increased weight and liver size in male fathead minnow. Female length was also decreased and liver size was increased at high effluent exposures. Most effluent concentrations (1 to 30%) significantly increased egg production compared with controls. The fathead minnow lifecycle assay mirrored the effects seen in wild fish captured downstream of the BKME discharge. These results will be used to select short-term fish tests for investigating the causes of and solutions to the effects of mill effluents on fish reproduction.

MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): II. AN INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SOLUBLE IN SALT SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsuyuki ◽  
E. Roberts ◽  
R. E. A. Gadd
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Moving Boundary ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

The muscle myogens and other components of the spring salmon (O. tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), as well as the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), were separated by the use of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose columns. Significant amounts of slowly dialyzable inosine and inosinic acid which may lead to spurious peaks in moving-boundary electrophoretic separations have been shown to be present in the muscle myogen preparations. The basic differences in the muscle myogen components of the Pacific salmon and the lingcod are compared.

scholarly journals Benthic microalgae community response to flooding in a tropical salt flat

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. M. Masuda ◽  
A. Enrich-Prast
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Microbial Mat ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Salt Flat ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract This research evaluated the effect of flooding on the microphytobenthos community structure in a microbial mat from a tropical salt flat. Field samples were collected during four consecutive days: on the first three days the salt flat was dry, on the fourth day it was flooded by rain. In order to evaluate the community maintained in flood conditions, samples from this area were collected and kept in the laboratory for 10 days with sea water. The results of total abundance of microphytobenthos varied from 4.2 × 108 to 2.9 × 109 organisms L–1, total density increased one order of magnitude under the effect of water for both situations of precipitation in the salt flat and in experimental conditions, an increase due to the high abundance of Microcoleus spp. Shannon index (H’) was higher during the desiccation period. Our data suggest that changes in the abundance of organisms were due to the effect of water. The dominance of the most abundant taxa remained the same under conditions of desiccation and influence of water, and there is probably a consortium of microorganisms in the microbial mat that helps to maintain these dominances.

Characteristics of Sea-Water Ice Slurry for Cooling of Fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 388 ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Sunjarianto Pamitran ◽  
Helmi Dadang Ardiansyah ◽  
Mach Novviali
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surface ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Ice Slurry ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Cooling Method

A more effective of cooling method is necessary for fish storage to get high quality and long freshness of fish. Ice block is not sufficient for fish storage because of its hard-solid surface that can damage the fish. Moreover for some remote area it is difficult to find ice block in good time with reasonable/low price. One solution for this problem is the using of sea-water ice slurry for fish cooling. Ice slurry is formed when the sea-water temperature goes down to its freezing point, when the early nucleation is formed. Crystal ice can be formed when chemical equilibrium is occurred. The purpose of this present study is to observe the characteristics of ice slurry generation using scraper blade evaporator and orbital rod evaporator. The experiment is done under some experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Biodegradation of Petroleum Contaminants by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Caspian Sea Coastline Waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Samira Mehrdad ◽  
◽  
Keivan Saeb ◽  
Lobat Taghavi ◽  
Masood Ghane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Predominant Strain

Background: Water plays an essential role in supporting life on earth and sea worldwide, requiringclean, safe, high quality and sustainable resources. Nowadays, many water resources have been contaminatedwith toxic compounds originating from petroleumdue to economical and industrial developments. There is anurgent need to clean up the waters with environmentally friendlyand inexpensive methods. This study investigated the biodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in southern Caspian Sea coastline. Methods: Coastline sediment samples were collected, with P. aeruginosa being the predominant strain. The bacteria were cultured in triplicates in the presence of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% of gasoline andunder specific experimental conditions of varying temperature, pH, salinity, shaker speed, and incubation periods. The data representing the gasoline biodegradation in the samples were statistically analyzed. Results: At optimized experimental conditions for temperature, pH, salinity, incubation period, and shaker speed, maximum biodegradation of TPH was achieved by culturing P. aeruginosa strains with the sea water samples containing varying concentrations of gasoline. Conclusion: The gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa, almost completely biodegraded TPH contaminants from the samples’ culture media over 28 days of incubation. We conclude that the use of P. aeruginosa is an efficient method for the biodegradation of Caspian coastal waters contaminated with TPH.

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

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